Input:
**Annex 3: Environmental and Social Risk Assessment**

The ESMF (Environmental and Social Management Framework) outlines the screening criteria applied to all civil works under Components 1 and 2. Site-specific Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) will be prepared for each subproject prior to commencement of works. The ESMF also includes a Labor Management Procedures (LMP) section detailing requirements for contractor compliance with national labor law, prohibition of child and forced labor, and worker grievance mechanisms. The LMP will be incorporated by reference into all civil works contracts.

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Input: An alternative version of the database that has been mapped to the United Nations (2006, 2009) Trends in International Migrant Stock database is available from the authors. These data are standardized over time in terms of the years to which they refer. { Table 3 here} Calculating Missing Gender Splits Although common in the underlying data, bilateral migration data disaggregated by gender are sparser than aggregate migrant totals (see table 1). An important contribution of the current work is in estimating the gender breakdown of all migrants in destination countries in the global migration matrices. Similar to the allocation from aggregated categories in the Global Migration Database to specific origins in the master list, two measures are used for calculating gender splits; they are described in appendix 5. Combining Migrant Definitions Only a single definition of a migrant (foreign born or foreign citizen) can be applied to each destination country in the final matrices. Switching definitions over time 17 The subregions used for the disaggregations are the 21 UN regions (see http: / / unstats. un. org / unsd / methods / m49 / m49regin. htm, with the countries of Oceania aggregated into a single subregion. They do not match the large World Bank regions used in the analysis in section IV. 18 While this propensity measure is clearly inappropriate, less than 1 percent of all migrants and observations are assigned on this basis. This method is included so that every migrant in the underlying data is accounted for.

Trends in International Migrant Stock
Global Migration Database

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Input: positive long-term integration as it limits long-term scarring effects, such as long- term unemployment or inactivity (Fasani et al., 2022; Slotwinski et al., 2019). Refugee employment after arrival depends on policies in the host country concerning work permits and mobility (Fuller, 2015; World Bank, 2017). On the other hand, arrival of refugees may have a complex range of positive and negative effects on local labor markets in host communities, including on sectoral employment, wages, and prices. Studies in Ethiopia show that 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 Addis Refugees Camp Refugees Lack of work/business opportunities High cost of living Poor services or institutional support Lack of freedom or mobility Lack of community/family networks Insecurity or discrimination Figure 3.1: Top 3 difficulties with being a refugee Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Jobs and Livelihoods 26 refugees may decrease employment among hosts in rural areas (Ayenew, 2021), while other studies find no effect on employment and increases in consumption (von der Goltz, 2023) and product diversification and livestock sales (Walelign et al., 2022) as refugees increase consumer demand for agricultural products, with variations in effects across the different regions of Ethiopia. Most refugees in Ethiopia do

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: The Caregiver-Reported Early Development Instrument (CREDI) long- form was used for children under 36 months of age. The CREDI is a globally-validated developmental assessment tool (Waldman et al., 2021), and the short-form version of the CREDI has previously been validated and used in Pakistan (Hentschel et al., 2024; McCoy et al., 2018). The tool consists of up to 100 caregiver-reported items developed according to typical abilities by age within the birth to age 3 range in 6-month increments (e. g., for children 0-6 months, 6-12 months, and so forth) and administration ends based on 5 consecutive incorrect answers so as not to distress the child. Items measured children ’ s developmental status across four primary domains: motor, language, cognition and social-emotional development. An age-standardized Z-score, created by uploading deidentified data to the CREDI application, allows comparison of a given sample to a global, advantaged, sample based on children from 15 low- and middle-income countries. 5 A child scoring more than 2 standard deviations below the mean is typically considered to be developmentally “ off-track."5 The reference sample contains 19, 165 children who all have a mother who completed secondary school or higher education and live in a household where least one adult had engaged in 4 or more of the 6 “ Play activities ” from the Family Care Indicators with the child. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: impression of the state ’ s role in development and give credit to the state for helping to leverage external resources. Citizens are also likely to give the state credit where mechanisms to voice complaints about non-state actors exist and where bureaucrats are able to eﬀectively respond to complaints. Under these conditions, non-state service provision is likely to strengthen the ﬁscal contract. 5 Data and Methods I explore the relationship between external service provision and deference to government using Afrobarometer survey data from 19 Sub-Saharan African countries (see Table 1). Africa is an especially good place to examine these issues because of the large amount of variation both within and across African countries in the extent to which non-state actors, donors and other states are active in service provision and the extent to which governments are relatively eﬀective and fair. Government responsiveness, corruption and reliance on non-public resources vary considerably among localities with consequences for citizen understanding of and relationship to government (Gibson and Hoﬀman, 2005). This project relies on the fourth round of Afrobarometer data that surveys Africans ’ views towards democracy, economics, and civil society with random, stratiﬁed, nationally representative samples. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: Looking also at the impact of IDPs in Colombia on wages, Morales (2017) uses a labor force survey, census data and registry data to study short and long-term effects as follows: 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 െ 𝑟𝑢𝑛: 𝑦 ௜ ௠ ௧ ൌ 𝛼 ൅ 𝛽𝑑 ௠ ௧ ି ଵ ൅ 𝜆 ௜ 𝑋 ௜ ௠ ௧ ൅ 𝜆 ௠ 𝑋 ௠ ௧ ൅ 𝛾௧ ൅ 𝛿 ௠ ൅ 𝛿 ௠ 𝑇 ൅ 𝜀 ௜ ௠ ௧ 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 െ 𝑟𝑢𝑛: 𝑦 ௜ ௠ ൌ 𝛼 ൅ 𝛽𝑑 ௠ ൅ 𝜆 ௜ 𝑋 ௜ ௠ ൅ 𝜆 ௠ 𝑋 ௠ ൅ 𝛿 ஽ ௠ ൅ 𝜀 ௜ ௠ where y is the log of wages, i, m, and i are individuals, municipalities and time respectively, 𝑋 ௜ ௠ ௧ are individual controls, 𝑋 ௠ ௧ is the log of total population or other municipality controls, 𝛾௧ and 𝛿 ௠ are time and municipality fixed effects, 𝛿 ௠ 𝑇 are municipality time trends, 𝛿 ஽ ௠ are department fixed effects and d is the inflow of IDPs defined as 𝑑 ௠ ௧ ൌ 100 𝑝𝑜𝑝 ௠ ௧ 𝑓 ௠ ௧ where 𝑓 ௠ ௧ is the total number of IDPs arriving in municipality m at time t. The same variable without the t subscript is used for the long-run effects equation.

labor force survey
census data
registry data

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Input: project had to meet a basic minimum literacy level in order to qualify for admission to the program; whereas only half of the 15-29-year-old female respondents to the nationally-representative Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (CWIQ) survey report that they can read and write (LISGIS 2007). Fewer than two percent of the girls in the EPAG study responded that they had no education, which is much lower than in the CWIQ survey. Second, the majority of adolescent girls and young women in Liberia reside in rural areas, whereas the survey participants were residing in urban and peri-urban areas, where access to basic social services may be much more improved. Consequently, the results are not representative of adolescent girls and young women in Liberia overall. The results are neither indicative of the average Liberian girl and young woman; nor are they indicative of the average Liberian girl or young woman in the project communities. They are only indicative of the average girl and young woman who are part of the EPAG project. Finally, many of the variables that we examine in this study are measures of self-assessed levels of satisfaction or belief. These are entirely subjective variables, and are subject to significant measurement error. There is considerable evidence that the wording of these questions can affect the answers given, as can the order in which the questions are asked. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire
CWIQ survey

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Input:
composite of the effect of skills at Grade 6, as captured by ENLACE, on future outcomes

Furthermore, we find evidence that strongly supports the case that ENLACE captures

main specification and run a regression of ENLACE test scores in a particular subject

<!-- PAGE 8 -->
scribes the ENLACE national examination and the steps followed to construct the longi

tudinal data. Section 3 of the paper describes the empirical approach followed to study

We construct two longitudinal datasets for this paper: (1) the ENLACE panel and (2)

ENLACE national examination
ENLACE panel

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Input: Page 7 of 51 In this sense, it is necessary to draw attention to the fact that the non-standard employment statistics presented below are not homogeneous among countries. In countries where both forms of non- standard employment were identified, we define non-standard employment as those occupations that satisfy at least one of the conditions, that is, either corresponds to a part-time occupation or a temporary job. In countries where temporary employment was not identified in the data, our non- standard employment category will coincide with part-time employment. Note that in either case, as other non-standard employment modalities are not identified, the indicators presented in this paper indicate a lower level with respect to the true dimension of the phenomenon. The only aspect addressed that required the use of additional information was the analysis linked to the profile of tasks that are developed in the framework of non-standard jobs. To carry out this analysis, the information available in the O * NET (Occupational Information Network) database was used in conjunction with the Household surveys. This database provides information referring to the content of tasks of the occupations. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: 5. 5 Ethnic diversity at different levels Despite the use of sampling weights in the construction of the diversity indices, we have no guarantee that our diversity indices are representative at the local level. Although similar ethnic diversity indices have been used at the local level (Nunn and Wantchekon, 2011; Rohner et al., 2013; Robinson, 2017; Desmet et al., 2020; Gomes, 2020b, a; Hodler et al., 2020), we cannot exclude the possibility that a lack of representativeness at the local level introduces some noise into our estimates. Ideally, we would have liked to construct our local diversity indices based on census data. However, such data are not available on an annual basis and only a minority of African countries include ethnicity questions on their censuses (Robinson, 2017). Robinson (2017) highlights other benefits but also warns against the risk of using non-random samples or of the size of samples introducing significant errors.

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Input:
The model is estimated using data from the Turkish HBS in 2008 and 2009. The HBS is conducted annually by the Turkish Statistical Institute to collect information on household socioeconomic status, living standards, income, and consumption expenditures.

The survey data are then combined with the actual monthly rate schedule. The Turkish electricity
tariff data have two advantages that are fairly unique to the study. First, in the retail sector,
Turkey has applied a price equalization mechanism to maintain a nationwide uniform tariff until
2011. Under such a system, all residential consumers face a uniform flat-rate price schedule.

ation to fish & fishery products     -    GB 14939Fish Hygienic standard for canned fish CAC 70:1995 NEQ 1994    GB 2715Cereal Hygienic standard for grains - 2005    GB 19303Meat 2003   GB/T 22388Milk 2008   GB/T 23376Tea 2009    Hygienic practice of cooked meat and meatproducts factory    Determination of melamine in raw milk and                                          -                                         dairy products   Determination of pesticides residues in tea                                          -                                         GC/MS method    CAC/RCP13 MOD 1976    Vegetabl  es    GB 2714Hygienic standard for preserved vegetables         -         2003    GB 13104- CAC Sugar Hygienic standard for sugars NEQ 2005 212:1999   _Source:_ Authors‟ calculations based on SAC National Standards Query   20     <!-- PAGE 24 -->  **Figure 2.

To ensure reliability and completeness, the standards have been cross  checked with the "Chinese Bulletin of Standards" (SAC 2011a) and the German-Chinese  Standards Portal (DIN and SAC 2011).

(HS 1992) and tariffs are compiled from the TRAINS data base. Consumption variables are

computed from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations‟ statistical

database FAOSTAT. [6] We deflated our data US Bureau of Labor Statistic's HS Import Price

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Input: The employment arm also signiﬁcantly improves cognitive function as measured through an index of memory and basic arithmetic tests, a ﬁnding consistent with a large psychol- ogy literature documenting the relationship between cognitive processes and depression (Semkovska et al., 2019). As with physical health, improvements to cognitive function are unlikely to be a direct product of the employment task itself, which was speciﬁcally de- signed to require no literacy or mathematical skill. Rather, these results are suggestive of a downstream impact to reducing depression through the experience of employment. Finally, we ﬁnd no change in time preferences: treated individuals are no more or less likely to discount the future relative to control counterparts, although results may have diﬀered had we engaged participants in an eﬀort or consumption-based time preference game rather than a ﬁnancial one. However, we ﬁnd a substantial increase in risk tolerance among the employed. A greater preference for risk-taking may be indicative of employment serving as a form of psychological ‘ insurance ’ that allows participants the mental bandwidth to exercise greater risk. This is consistent with the positive impacts of employment on stability as well as with a key motive underlying universal basic income (UBI) in the developing world (Banerjee, Niehaus, and Suri, 2019). Interestingly, however, we document no parallel increase in risk tolerance in the cash transfer arm. Our result on risk preference also echoes a potential consequence of depression and anxiety described in Ridley et al. (2020), although empirical 15 Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: The comparison between ∆ h is for actual and hypothetical destinations tells us whether the actual district of destination is more densely populated than alternative destinations. Results are presented in Table 3 for all variables used in the analysis. We begin with district log income eδs. We have two estimates of eδs, one obtained using reported income data, and the other based on reported consumption data. Given that most respondents to the NLSS survey are self-employed, measurement error is typically larger for income than for consumption. We see that our estimates of log income and consumption eδs are on average 20 % and 8 % higher in 20

reported consumption data
reported income data

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Input:
According to 2017 data from GSO, these 864 schools represent about 12 percent of all schools in coastal provinces (General Statistics Office of Vietnam, n.d.).

Data on power plants was sourced from the free and open Global Power Plant Database created and maintained by the World Resources Institute (WRI) (Global Energy Observatory et al. 2019).

A digital spatial representation of Vietnam's electricity transmission network in vector format was prepared by a team at the World Bank and is freely and openly available online (World Bank, 2017).

To approximate the economic impact of hazards on the tourism sector, macroeconomic estimates were
sourced from World Bank open data [4] and publications. National tourism GDP was obtained by applying
the contribution of tourism to GDP in 2017 (WTTC, 2018) to the national GDP in 2017 (World Bank, 2019).
The number of direct jobs in the tourism industry in 2017 are obtained from numbers published by the
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC, 2018).

In the fisheries sector, aquaculture output in tons per province in 2017 was sourced from the General
Statistics Office of Vietnam (GSO, 2019).

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Input: and 6 percent for hosts, and in the camps is 13 percent for refugees and 12 percent for hosts. 0.05 0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 Elementary Occupations Craf/Related Trades Service/Sales Machine Operators Associate Prof. Clerical Support Professionals Share of Refugees Observed Predicted according to observables Figure 3.26: Refugee occupation concentration Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Jobs and Livelihoods 38 In Addis Ababa, refugee girls—like boys—are much less likely than host counterparts to work or attend school, and they are more likely to be unemployed or NEET. They are even less likely than refugee boys to be in school and more likely to be NEET (23 percent for girls relative to 15 percent for boys—Figure 3.28). In camps, refugee girls look more like their host counterparts regarding schooling and labor force participation. However, among those in the workforce, their relaxed unemployment rate is much higher (55 percent for female refugees and 36 percent for female hosts). Boys in camps have higher schooling rates (75 percent relative to 65 percent for hosts), reflecting their higher propensity to stay enrolled in primary or secondary schooling after the typical completion age, especially in South Sudanese camps where 84 percent

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Input: arise. The field visits helped to understand the camp administrative structure and environment of the teams facilitating the camp and to test the accessibility of sampled refugee households inside the camp, in Addis Ababa, and the identification of the host. ESS provided detailed feedback on the fieldwork procedures and adjustments made before the fieldwork began. For instance, in Afar (Asayita), the visit helped to identify challenges in tracing sampled refugee households and to take the necessary corrective measures. Likewise, in Addis Ababa, the visit assisted in designing an appropriate strategy to select host communities. The survey created a good opportunity for a collaborative effort between different government institutions and development partners. This collaboration allowed the sharing of experiences across institutions and knowledge for ESS to implement such unique surveys in the future. The survey process, from preparation to implementation, focused on ensuring data quality for refugee data collection. During preparation, ESS translated the survey instrument into different main languages and undertook an in- depth training of supervisors and enumerators for enumerators to understand better the concepts of the questions related to the refugee context. Moreover, a close follow-up and coordination in the field helped to get better quality data and

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Input: In all speciﬁcations, conﬂict incidence correlates nega- tively with country-level economic performance. The estimated coeﬃcients of conﬂict incidence are statistically signiﬁcant and negative. We also ﬁnd that the coeﬃcients 7For a discussion see Henderson et al. (2012). In order to calculate light per capita we use popu- lation data that is provided by a World Bank dataset. 8The standard reference here is Miguel et al. (2004). Ciccone (2011) shows that high rainfall levels three years earlier seem to be best predictors of conﬂict in the reduced form. Miguel and Satyanath (2011) argue that lagged negative growth shocks are a predictor of conﬂict onset. In any case, there is no evidence from this literature that contemporaneous growth declines cause conﬂict. Bazzi and Blattman (2014) corroborate the view that the relationship between income shocks and conﬂict is not straightforward. They do not ﬁnd evidence of an eﬀect of price shocks on conﬂict onset and only weak evidence on incidence. 9Results from this are presented in the Appendix. 10We take the threshold from Mueller (2016) who shows that a threshold like this leads to a similar number of coded civil wars as the threshold of 1000 battle-related deaths often used in the conﬂict literature. In the context here, this is a conservative approach as it is not the threshold which yields the biggest diﬀerence between conﬂict and non-conﬂict countries. 10

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Input:
the General Social Survey - showed no trend. This paradox acquired quickly popularity across the

longitudinal data.

of studies, those that rely on one cross-section survey focusing therefore on individuals or

Provided that cross-section and longitudinal data are available, one can of course try to reconcile

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Input: 13 Where 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖 represents one of the indicators of social cohesion explained above, 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗 is the province indicator, 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 is the share of returnees in the community, 𝐻𝐻𝑖𝑖 indicates a series of household level controls and 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 are a series of community level of controls. In the main regressions we estimate the share of returnees in the community, using the information from the survey (i. e. share who are returnees), but in the robustness section we show that results are robust to the use of an alternative indicator in which the information is provided by a community leader. The Appendix (Table A2) includes the descriptive statistics for the control variables. We present results for the full sample and divided by communities with lower / higher ethnic diversity, less / more pre-1993 war land availability and better / worse attitudes towards return. In the robustness checks we also present the results if we limit the analysis to stayees only. Limiting the sample in this way does not affect the main results of the paper. 4. 4 Identification As mentioned above, Tanzania mandated the return of all Burundian refugees from the 1993 conflict. Returnees also had a very strong incentive to return to their communities of origin as this was the place in which they were entitled to land, a very scarce resource in the country. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input:
data are collected from the World Bank's World Development Indicators (WDI). In this context, TFP growth is:

Oil Metal **Trade Openness** Percent of GDP 1990 - 94 64 95 65 56 2010 - 14 77 94 93 70 **Herfindahl Index** Product Concentration 1990 - 94 0.41 0.84 0.69 0.29 2010 - 14 0.30 0.67 0.46 0.21 Market Concentration 1990 - 94 0.20 0.30 0.08 0.19 2010 - 14 0.20 0.15 0.28 0.18 **Natural Resources** Percent of GDP 1990 - 94 17.0 46.9 26.8 9.8 2010 - 14 13.2 43.0 16.3 8.9 Percent of total exports 1990 - 94 0.82 0.99 0.95 0.78 2010 - 14 0.73 0.89 0.71 0.72 _Sources: WDI, and author's calculations using WITS, COMTRADE_

World Bank's World Development Indicators (WDI)

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Input: 14 displacement. 55 % of the returnees reported to have been employed before the crisis and 36 % in June 2014. Over time the employment situation among the displaced has improved steadily and by December 2014 more people reported being employed than prior to the crisis. All the returnees were able to regain employment after returning. The employment situation of IDPs, returnees, and refugees in Niger is steadily improving; only for refugees in Mauritania does one notice a steady decrease, with 100 % reporting no employment during January and February. Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014 and 2015. The ownership of livestock and consumer durables was reduced significantly as a consequence of the crisis. Table 7 demonstrates this by showing the Tropical Livestock Units (TLU) 12 owned prior to the crisis and in June 2014 as well as the percentage of ‘ yes ’ responses on a question whether a given asset was owned by the household. 13 The loss on livestock has been enormous particularly amongst IDPs and refugees who lost respectively more than 90 % and 75 % of their animals. 12 TLU is a common unit to describe livestock numbers of various species as a single figure that expresses the total amount of livestock present – irrespective of the specific composition. 13 This was a ‘ yes / no ’ question meaning that if 56 % of the Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: 16 { Tables 4 and 5 here} Among the first six categories that are based on raw census data, three categories (raw scaled, R & R not scaled, and R & R scaled) are constructed through the summation of bilateral raw numbers and disaggregations of some aggregate categories in the original censuses. Since these categories together constitute around 45 percent of migrants in each census round, the original bilateral portion of each cell was compared with the final number assigned to them after the various calculations as a check on accuracy. For each decade, therefore, the overall percentage contribution of the raw bilateral data to the total is calculated (table 6). 23 In each census round, at least 92 percent of all those categories are derived from the raw data. { Table 6 here} Simulating Missing Data Finally, to examine the reliability of the estimated missing census data and test the methodologies, several scenarios are assumed. All bilateral observations for a single year for four countries (Australia, United States, Switzerland, and Chile) in different parts of the world are deleted and the missing cells are filled using one of five methods. 24 The first simulation assumes that all bilateral data for 2000 are missing but that the total number of migrants is available.

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Input: 14 4. 1 Variation across Districts Pakistan is divided administratively into four provinces with 102 districts — Punjab, Balochistan, North-West Frontier Provinces (NWFP), and Sindh — plus the federal capital Islamabad, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), the federally administered Northern Areas and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). The four provinces or Punjab, Balochistan, Sindh and NWFP, together with Islamabad, account for more than 97 percent of the population. Geographically, parts of Balochistan, the NWFP and FATA border Afghanistan. Sindh and Balochistan are sparsely populated provinces, with the exception of Karachi in Sindh, which is the single biggest metropolis in the country with a population approaching 10 million. We use data from the population census, 1998, as well as the census of private schooling, 2000, to provide estimates of madrassa, private, and government school enrollment in each district except for those in the province of FATA. The geographical dispersion of madrassa enrollment depends on how we define madrassa prevalence. There are three alternatives. We could present a geographical breakdown of the total number of children enrolled in madrassas. This number is related to the total population of the district, and may thus reflect only the size of the district relative to others. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: However, another regressor indicates that security may still be pivotal: those who owned a weapon were up to 30 percentage points more likely to plan to go back. In addition to this, it is quite surprising that, if the respondent thought that the Northern Mali crisis was improving, he or she was less likely to plan a return to that area. From a technical point of view, we should point out that we have used an LPM even if the dependent variable was a binary outcome. This choice has been made since in this linear model it is straightforward to add fixed-effects. Furthermore, the coefficients can be interpreted as average partial effects. A simple logit or probit model would not have allowed the inclusion of individual fixed-effects because of the incidental parameter problem. An alternative approach would have been to estimate a conditional logit model. However, since the distribution of the fixed effects is unknown, it would not have been possible to estimate the average partial effects in this model, but only the effect of the regressors on the log-odds ratio. 13 We conclude by stressing that the monthly phone interviews were relatively short, so we did not have a rich panel data set. This may have led to omitted variable biases. Indeed, there may still be time varying factors which could have affected both the probability of being employed and the respondents ’ intentions to go back. Nevertheless, we believe that our model managed to control for 13 See (Wooldridge, 2010) page 639. Conclusions from the conditional logit model are qualitatively similar. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: The lack of certainty means children are trying to prepare for further studies (e. g., in universities) in two separate systems with varying requirements. The survey results indicate that students enrolled in both systems spend as much time in Italian schools as those attending only Italian schools, averaging 31 hours per week. However, students participating in both systems spend an additional 8 hours per week on online Ukrainian classes. This puts an extra burden on these children. Connectedness to Italy is correlated with demographic characteristics and social environment of refugee children. Additionally, Table 6 shows that making new friends in the country of destination and speaking Italian are strongly associated with higher connection to Italy. The mental distress resulting from displacement is a key barrier to educational integration for many Ukrainian refugees in Italy. The link between poor mental health and low school attendance and performance is widely acknowledged in the literature (see Fiining et al., 2019 for a systematic review). In the World Bank survey data, children and caregivers reported signs of mental distress, with 16 % of children and 24 % of refugee caregivers reported experiencing psychological distress 61 % 35 % 31 % 68 % 50 % 36 % 23 % 68 % 59 % 26 % 26 % 59 % Would like to continue living in Italy Would like to move back to Ukraine Feel strongly connected to Italy Feel strongly connected to Ukraine Caregivers (N = 283) Children between 9 and 14 years old (N = 141) Children between 15 and 20 years old (N = 96)

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Input: This study aims to assess the consequences of forced migration on ethnic diversity and conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa. We combine a unique dataset on refugee camps with individual data from the Afrobarometer Surveys across 23 African countries for the 2005 — 2016 period. We construct two standard measures of ethnic diversity: indices of ethnic fractionalization (EF) and ethnic polarization (EP). Ethnic fractionalization measures the probability that two individuals drawn from the society at random will belong to two different ethnic groups and thus increases with the number of ethnic groups present. Ethnic polarization captures antagonism between individuals and is maximized when the society is divided into two equally sized and distant ethnic groups. Although these indices have been widely used, little variation over time has been found, making causal inference difficult. The innovative aspect of our analysis is that we use data on the precise locations of refugee camps, their yearly size, and — most importantly — their annual composition in terms of countries of origin. Combined with the Ethnic Power Relations- Ethnicity of Refugees 2019 dataset, we are able to predict changes in ethnic diversity induced by refugee inflows. We then assess the relationship between refugee diversity and the likelihood of conflict. In an additional analysis, we also assess how refugee-induced changes in diversity affect the incidence of theft and violence, participation in protests, and perceptions of ethnic attachment, inter-personal trust, and institutional trust. Other studies have investigated the links between displacement and social conflict or social co- 3

Ethnic Power Relations- Ethnicity of Refugees 2019

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Input:
scholarship program, and data on school enrollment and attendance from an unannounced school visit.

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random sample of 6 [th] grade girls in the primary feeder schools to the JFPR secondary schools, or even of

Local Management Committee (LMC) of the relevant JFPR secondary school. The LMCs were then

The second source of data for this evaluation is based on an unannounced school visit to each one

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Input: Individual characteristics Age, sex, education, language skill, years in exile SESRE Household characteristics Gender of household head, household size, head education level, access to electricity, productive asset ownership, food insecurity experience SESRE Community characteristics Community economic development status Predominant land cover in the community SESRE Local Factors Remoteness Distance to towns and cities, distance to the nearest international border Ethiopian shapefile and Refugee geospatial from ESS Local labor market LFPR, unemployment rate, the share of wage employment, the share of employment by economic sector LMS, 2021 Market access Market accessibility index Ethiopia transport network layer, 2020 (ERA) & gridded population (GPWv4) Notes: For logistic regression, we assume local factors are exogenous in the model as refugees do not select their location. Since refugees’ residential location is not self-selected, they do not choose their respective camps to maximize their utility. Instead, they come across the border and are either assigned to camps close to where they crossed or a new camp is established. Our model compares refugee employment status by local factors in the hosting Zones and community: where subscripts denote : individual and : camp. refers to local factors; represents personal and presents household characteristics; refers to the characteristics of

Ethiopian shapefile
gridded population (GPWv4)

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Input:
**4)** **Slope** is measured by the area weighted average of slope categories. This variable is calculated based on data from the Harmonized World Soil Database version 1.2 with eight slope classes: 1 for least steep (elevation of 0-0.5 percent) and 8 for most steep slope (elevation greater than 45 percent).

**5)** **Rainfall variability** is defined as the 1981-2010 standard deviation of monthly rainfall levels. The variable is constructed from the global CRU TS3.21 dataset from the University of East Anglia, containing a long-term time series of monthly rainfall levels at 0.5x0.5 grid resolution, which was produced using statistical interpolation based on data from 4,000 weather stations (Harris et al., 2014).

The VHLSS provide detailed information to estimate consumption expenditure, which can be used to estimate poverty rates. This study uses district-level poverty maps based on estimates from the VHLSS 2010 combined

<!-- PAGE 6 --> with the 15-percent sample of the 2009 Population and Housing Census as calculated by Lanjouw et al. (2013). In addition, household consumption is calculated from the VHLSS 2010, 2012, and 2014 based on detailed expenditure data in line with the methodology for determining the GSO-World Bank poverty line. All consumption values are expressed in 2011 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) values using data on the Consumer Price Index from the World Development Indicators.

Harmonized World Soil Database
CRU TS3.21 dataset
2009 Population and Housing Census

Consumer Price Index from the World Development Indicators

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Input:
Data sources: UNHCR PRIMES.  For more information or to contribute, please contact UNHCR RBSA DIMA (rsarbdima@unhcr.org)

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations

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Input: Moreover, some refugees may not register because they are unaware that they should, and others may be reluctant to do so because they are skeptical of the integrity of the registration process (e. g. fair access to entitlements or opportunities for durable solutions) or lack confidence in protection measures. Individuals in irregular migration flows may also choose not to apply for asylum due to fear of declaring themselves to the authorities. A significant challenge with refugee registers is keeping them up to date. Individual registration can provide a robust snapshot of the stock of refugees and asylum-seekers, but registers need to be updated regularly to reflect flows, i. e. increases in refugee and asylum-seeker numbers (births, new arrivals) and decreases (deaths, departures, durable solutions). In situations of sudden mass influxes, existing registration capacity may not be adequate and the scope of registration data is then rationalized. 65 Additionally, it may not be possible to capture all demographic changes in the case of highly mobile populations. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: 10 as the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), though researchers have reduced under-reporting by providing special training to interviewers, placing greater emphasis on respondents ’ privacy and safety, and allowing women multiple opportunities to disclose their experiences (Ellsberg et al., 2001a; Garcia Moreno et al., 2003; Ellsberg et al., forthcoming). Estimates of the magnitude of the problem Population-based surveys have found that between 10-70 % of women report being physically assaulted by an intimate male partner at some point in their lives (Heise, Ellsberg and Gottemoeller, 1999). See Annex A for estimates from many recent population based studies (Ellsberg et al., forthcoming). Findings from a multi-country study on domestic violence and women ’ s health carried out by the World Health Organization in fifteen sites and ten countries found that between 13-62 % of women had experienced physical violence by a partner over the course of their lifetime, and between 3-29 % of women reported violence within the past year (Figure 1. 1). Figure 1. 1. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: percent for female refugees and 36 percent for female hosts). Boys in camps have higher schooling rates (75 percent relative to 65 percent for hosts), reflecting their higher propensity to stay enrolled in primary or secondary schooling after the typical completion age, especially in South Sudanese camps where 84 percent of boys aged 15- 24 are in school. The relaxed unemployment rate is high among boys in the workforce, as it is for girls (60 percent for male refugees and 24 percent for male hosts). 0 20 40 60 80 100 Addis Hosts Addis Refugees Camp Hosts Camp Refugees Employed Unemployed, searching Unemployed, not searching Inactive not in school Inactive in school Percent Figure 3.27: Youth work status Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Table 3.3: Youth labor force statistics (age 15-24) Camp Hosts Camp Refugees Addis Hosts Addis Refugees Participation (strict) 25% 12% 48% 37% Unemployment (strict) 15% 25% 12% 71% Participation (relaxed) 30% 22% 54% 60% Unemployment (relaxed) 30% 57% 21% 82% Employment-to-population ratio 21% 9% 43% 11% Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Labor force participation ratio is the share of working-age people who are engaged in the labor market, either employed

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Input:
observations. The ENILEMS-ENLACE panel also includes the information from ENOE

for all 3,714 matched observations plus information from ENLACE's context question

in means between the observations of ENILEMS that were merged with ENLACE scores

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Input: month placement and support phase in which the trainees were supported in their transition to self or wage employment. Upon recruitment, the participants are assigned to a"Job Skills (JS)"track or a"Business Development Services (BDS)"track. When possible, the participant's track preference was honored; however, the demand for the Job Skills track greatly exceeded the supply, so the remaining trainees were placed into the BDS track. In the first round of training, the proportion of Job Skills track places was limited to 35 % of the total training places available given the expectation that few wage jobs will be available in the Liberian job market. The Job Skills track provided training in six areas: 1) hospitality, 2) professional cleaning / waste management, 3) office / computer skills, 4) professional house / office painting, 5) security guard services, and 6) professional driving. These areas were determined based on independent labor market assessments, a review of the available market data, and input from EPAG ’ s private sector partners. All Job Skills trainees received training in entrepreneurship skills as well. The BDS training taught young women how to identify micro-enterprise opportunities based on an assessment of market needs, and how to grow and manage any existing businesses they already had.

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Input: The GLSS poverty module follows the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty measurement framework, using the national absolute poverty line established by the Ghana Statistical Service. The GLSS consumption aggregate includes food and non-food expenditure, imputed rental values for owner-occupied housing, and the estimated value of in-kind transfers. The GLSS poverty line is set at the 2005/06 prices and updated using a spatial price deflator that accounts for urban-rural and regional price differences. All welfare estimates in this paper use GLSS analytical weights and are adjusted for adult equivalence.

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Input: 2 Over the past three or four decades, the Arab world has experienced a massive expansion in educational attainment. According to the Barro and Lee educational attainment dataset, seven out of the top 20 countries in terms of increase in number of years of schooling from 1980 to 2010 were Arab countries (Barro and Lee 2013). 1 Jordan, the subject of this paper, had the seventh highest increase in educational attainment in the world, with an increase of about five years in the average years of schooling over the period. This increase is widely believed to be attributable to a massive public investment in the supply of schooling in the postindependence period in the context of a state-led development model, which virtually guaranteed employment in the public sector for graduates (Assaad 2014; Saleh 2016). The rapid increase in educational attainment has continued unabated despite the fall in returns to education that accompanied the demise in the state-led model and its employment guarantee schemes (Pritchett 2001). A slew of recent literature on the drivers of the Arab Spring protests, some of which occurred in Jordan, has identified the low economic returns to this massive increase in education as the single most important cause of the uprisings (Goldstone 2011; Campante and Chor 2012a, 2012b, 2014; Sanborn and Thyne 2014). Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: We only found reliable approximations from the International Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC) between 2003 and 2013. According to IDMC, there were about 12. 5 million internally displaced people in SSA at the end of 2013 (IDMC 2014), more than one third of the total number of IDPs and more than tripling the number of refugees in SSA. Although the number of IDPs in SSA is the highest since 2007, the share of IDPs in SSA has been decreasing from 53 % in 2003. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: countries covered in this study. We next turn to analyzing the factors that helped or hindered the return of Syrian refugees until early 2018. 3 Data and Empirical Strategy Return migration decisions are potentially inﬂuenced by expected payoﬀs in both the country of origin and country of asylum, as well as the individual characteristics of refugees. To analyze these factors, we need a comprehensive data set, which is often not available especially in active conﬂict situations. In what follows, we describe the strategy we followed in exploiting the available information. 3. 1 Data With an active conﬂict situation in Syria, a complete longitudinal data set for conditions in countries of asylum and origin was not available. Thus, we adopt a pragmatic approach that combines diﬀerent sources and types of data. Refugee attributes: We use the Proﬁle Global Registration System (ProGres) database, which is compiled by UNHCR to record each person of concern who ap- proaches it. 7 Our version comprised about 2. 16 million Syrian refugees in the Middle East and North Africa region (Turkey and European countries are not included), with a cutoﬀdate of March 2018. The ProGres database is a limited administrative database, which functions like a civil register. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input:
approximated by wealth measured by the EMDHS asset index; and e)mothers' education. Note that the alternative

The asterisks indicate the significance level: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. Standard errors in parentheses. Regressions take sample
design and household weights into account by using Stata's svy command. Data: EMDHS 2014.

2007 Census. The 2007 census has two formats - a long and a short format. The long format is richer in terms of

The Ethiopian census has both a short and a long form, and to increase model fit, the models use the long

observed in Ethiopia before, based on other data sets [30]. SAE results in addition to these variables are highly

EMDHS
EMDHS 2014
2007 Census
Ethiopian census

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Input: Chew et al. (2018) use a baseline convolutional neural network model on a gridded population sampling frame to select a sample of households in Nigeria and Guatemala. The authors found this technique to be on par with human canvassing in terms of accuracy, and to outperform other machine learning models based on crowdsource or remote sensing data. Grais et al (2007) compared an unweighted random point selection methodology to a random walk in their study of vaccination rates in urban Niger. The authors do not find statistically significant differences between the methods, though the sample size was limited and both methods were non-probabilistic. 3. Design and Field Protocols 3. 1. Experiment Design This paper makes use of a dataset from the purposefully designed methodology experiment conducted in one section of the Protection of Civilians site 1 (PoC1, Figure 1), one of the largest IDP camps in Juba, South Sudan. To generate a gold standard as the basis of comparison, a household census was conducted between August and September 2017. During this exercise, 2, 655 households were interviewed using a questionnaire designed to collect demographic information, dwelling characteristics, household consumption, and perception data. At the end of each census interview, households received a unique barcode that could be used to identify them later in the experiment. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: reason to believe that the provision of services by donors and non-state actors could either strengthen or weaken citizens ’ deference to government. I will identify the conditions under which these two scenarios are likely to occur. On the one hand, citizens may be less likely to support the government with deference to its laws and regulations when they credit non-state actors or donors for service provision. The provision of services by donors and non- state actors is likely to prompt citizens to question why they should pay taxes to a government that is not providing them with anything in exchange. On the other hand, the provision of goods and services by donors and non-state actors might strengthen citizens ’ legitimating beliefs and their willingness to defer to governmental laws and regulations if citizens view their government as essential to leveraging and managing these external resources. I assess these competing hypotheses using multi-level analyses of Afro- barometer survey data. The sample, drawn from a continuum of developing societies in Africa, allows us to analyze associations between donor and non- state actor service provision and the sense of obligation to comply with the tax authorities. Third, I assess the relationship between the provision of ser- vices by donors and non-state actors and citizens ’ willingness to defer to two additional authorities, the police and courts. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input:
cereal production (in kilograms) per residential [household member reported by the] household head in the immediate post harvest [period as the measure of agricultural] production.

index. [8] Here, we construct a food variety score (FVS) to combine the diversity of a

person's diet into a single index (Hatloy, _et al.,_ 1998). The FVS is based on the number

of different food items eaten over a registration period. We evaluate two versions: 1) a

associated with food shortages into a numerical index. Our third alternative indicator is

an index of these 'coping strategies'. We asked the most knowledgeable woman within

1996 and the World Bank's forthcoming World Development Report on Poverty 2000/1, the demand for such comprehensive measures is more urgent than ever.

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Input: If many people migrate to a speciﬁc location, such as the capital city, this is likely to aﬀect wages, incomes, and access to amenities in that location. 7 This would generate a potential endogeneity bias due to the fact that incomes and amenities in that location result in part from the decision of many migrants to locate there. To eliminate this bias, we use past data to estimate the income regression. More precisely, let T be the period for which we have income information and T + t the period at which we 5The dropped observation corresponds to the location of origin M h ii which, as explained earlier, we do not include in the analysis since including M h ii would mean de facto including the decision of whether to migrate or not. 6McFadden (1974) has shown that, in multiple choice problems of the kind studied here, the application of logit estimation is justiﬁed if (1) the errors in each latent choice equation follow the extreme value distribution and (2) errors are independent across choices. See Train (2003), Chapter 3 for a detailed discussion. The estimation of models with correlated errors across choices requires either multiple integration or the use of Bayesian estimation techniques relying on Gibbs sampling. With a choice of over 70 possible destinations, multiple integration is out of the question. Gibbs sampling remains a possibility but would require extensive programming. We choose instead to keep the logit approach but to correct the standard errors for possible correlation in errors across choices. In our case the possible eﬃciency gain achieved by Bayesian methods does not appear to justify the programming cost. 7The eﬀect could be negative — e. g., congestion — or positive — e. g., agglomeration externalities. 10

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Input: in Ethiopia, as well as from host communities. The sample frame for the survey was derived from the list of all refugee camps, sites, and locations provided by UNHCR-Ethiopia as of January 2017, covering the four main regions that host refugees: Tigray, Afar, Gambella, Benishangul-Gumuz, and Somali. The SPS specifically excludes refugee households living out of camp, thereby making it representative of the refugee population residing in camps in Ethiopia. In contrast, SESRE, carried out in 2023, expanded its data collection to include out-of-camp refugees living in Addis Ababa. The SPS and SESRE both utilized stratified sampling designs but with different methodologies and definitions of the host households. The SPS employed a multi-stage stratified random sampling approach, dividing refugee camps into EAs of 150 by 150 meters using GIS technology. The number of EAs selected from each camp was proportional to the size of the camp, ensuring all camps in the sample frame were surveyed. In this way, all the camps in the sample frame were selected in the sample and were surveyed. For host households, areas within 5-kilometer radius of the camps were divided into EAs of 300 by 300 meters, with only residential EAs as per Open Street

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Input: area probability sample. Specifically, we first stratify the sample according to the main sub-national unit of government (state, province, region, etc.) and by urban or rural location. Area stratifi- cation reduces the likelihood that distinctive ethnic or language groups are left out of the sample. Afrobarometer occasionally purposely oversamples certain populations that are politically significant within a country to ensure that the size of the sub-sample is large enough to be analyzed. ” Afrobarometer provides geocoded data for 6 rounds, which correspond to the 1991 – 2016 period, with the information on an individual ’ s ethnicity available from round 3 (corresponding to 2005 – 2006). We therefore restrict our analysis to the 2005 – 2016 period. The selection of countries is driven by data availability. Among the 33 countries with available Afrobarometer data, we exclude Botswana, Cape Verde, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Sao Tome and Principe, South Africa, and Swaziland, for which no data is available on refugee camps or from the EPR-ER. We also exclude Sudan since the question on individual ethnicity is not asked in this country ’ s survey. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: 34 Any statistics on the imputed welfare will based on the set of imputed welfares for each household. The estimator takes the form, with R denotes the number of simulation: ܪ ෡ ൌ 1 ܴ ෍ ݄ ሺݕ ෤ ௥ ሻ ோ ௥ ୀ ଵ where ݄ ሺݕሻ is a function that converts the vector y with (log) incomes for all households into a poverty measure (such as the head-count rate or bottom 40 %), and where ݕ ෤ ௥ denotes the r-th simulated imputed welfare. Figure 6. Survey-to-Survey Imputation Methodology, an illustration For the case of Turkey, we use the Survey on Income and Living Conditions survey to impute to the Labor Force Survey. Income is used instead of consumption for this paper ’ s analysis. The model included variables related to: household demographics (age, gender, age composition, etc.), household characteristics (education, labor activity, etc.), household head ’ s characteristics (age, gender, labor, education, marital status, etc.) and household assets holding (both livestock and durables). Based on that model the simulated values of consumption (at household level) were imputed for the households in the corruption survey.

Survey on Income and Living Conditions survey

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Input: 4 to 32 percent (see Table A1 in appendix). The total number of internally displaced people (IDP) outnumbers the stock of refugees in SSA and in the world but overall has followed a similar trend compared to the number of refugees (by country of origin). 1 Major civil wars in Central Africa mainly explained the peak in 1993 and 1994 and the increase at the end of the 1990s. Figure 1. Refugee population by origin, 1990 ‐ 2013 Note: Authors ’ aggregation based on UNHCR statistical population online dataset, accessed in September 2014. Data from 2007 to 2013 include people in refugee ‐ like situations. Persons in refugee ‐ like situations include “ groups of persons who are outside their country or territory of origin and who face protection risks similar to refugees but for whom refugee status has, for practical or other reasons, not been ascertained ” (UNHCR 2014: 39). Refugees in Africa seem to have mainly remained in Africa. Although SSA also hosts refugees from other regions, the closeness of the ‘ blue ’ and ‘ red ’ lines in Figure 2 ‐ representing the number of refugees originating from and hosted in SSA ‐ is an indication that most refugees cross borders within Africa. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

UNHCR statistical population online dataset

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Input: 12 Survey design and administration Designing a socio-economic survey including consumption measures for non-displaced households is challenging as the interview time is limited and one has to be very selective to restrict the number of questions in surveys. For FDPs, the challenge is exacerbated given the need to understand not only their present socio-economic well-being, but also their displacement trajectory as well as their aid dependency. In this context, spending 90 or more minutes on an elaborate consumption module might not be a priority. Instead, detailed information on displacement and aid is crucial and something that is not properly assessed in non FDPs surveys. Fatigue from over-surveying is often cited as an anecdotal challenge in the context of FDPs, leading to survey non-response. Even though FDPs are often subject to intensive surveying by multiple agencies, survey non-response is not as high as for regular populations and the likelihood for a household to be interviewed multiple times is limited. Only censuses interview everyone in the population, they are often prohibitively expensive, and suffer from low data quality outstripping their size advantage. Thus, only few censuses – with very short questionnaires – are necessary for verification exercises. Hence, the chance of multiple interviews for the same households in a short period of time is low. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: required to purchase other basic staple foods such as salt and vegetables. Given that the WFP provisions are the only reliable rations that refugees receive, we approximate a cash transfer of 450 taka per week to at least double potential weekly consumption. Relative to the wealth refugees possess, 450 taka per week is likewise sizeable: average baseline savings is 195 taka, with the median refugee reporting zero taka in savings. Average baseline borrowing (typically in the form of store credit) is 1, 600 taka, with a median of 600 taka. Refugees have no economically meaningful assets that may be more common among the rural poor, such as land or cattle, given the unanticipated displacement which forced them from their homes. Relative to other employment opportunities, average reported pay is 300 taka per day for less than three days. The monthly cash transfer is therefore more than double what a refugee might expect from alternative employment if he or she is fortunate enough to secure a job. 4 Data Collection and Survey Instruments Timeline and survey instruments We collected data via a baseline, commencing in November 2019, and endline survey, commencing in February 2020, as well as seven midline surveys conducted prior to payment disbursal each week. These weekly surveys collected a small subset of well-being outcomes. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input:
The severe escalation of the conflict has led to significant destruction of UNHCR property.
During the month of June, both UNHCR offices in Khartoum were destroyed, the UNHCR
warehouse in Al Obeid was looted, and other UNHCR warehouses remain inaccessible or
have recently been looted such as in South Darfur. In locations accessible to humanitarian
workers, UNHCR and partners continue to scale up humanitarian delivery despite capacity
limitations. UNHCR has established a small operational presence in Wadi Halfa while
scaling up its footprint in Wad Madani, Kosti, Gedaref, Kassala and Port Sudan. Further in
North Darfur, in collaboration with the sectors, UNHCR has been able to continue delivering
NFIs to IDP sites in El Fasher as well as conduct protection monitoring of new arrivals from
Kutum and Tawilla.

UNHCR 3

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Input: The objective of the survey was to analyze perceptions and priorities with regard to the Peace Accord, to analyze perceptions of security, to determine access to basic infrastructure and school attendance, to understand nutrition levels, and to measure household asset ownership. In addition to this baseline survey, the World Bank was sponsoring a mobile phone survey among IDPs in Bamako, returnees in Gao, Kidal and Timbuktu town and refugees in camps in Niger and Mauritania. This survey interviewed 500 respondents on a monthly basis. In the August 2015 round of this survey, questions about perceptions and priorities with regard to the Peace Accord were included. This paper also makes use of a subset of the responses obtained from that survey, particularly those from refugees in Niger (n = 80) and Mauritania (n = 100) as these sub-populations who live outside Mali ’ s borders are important stakeholders in the peace process whose opinions risk being ignored. 15 To select a household in a village or neighborhood for the baseline survey, random selection was used: the enumerator divided the locality into two parts and selected five 15 For a more elaborate description of this mobile phone survey, see: Etang Ndip, A., J. Hoogeveen and J. Lendorfer (2016). Socioeconomic Impact of the Crisis in Mali on Displaced People. Journal of Refugee Studies.

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Input: 5.1.4 Food security Refugees and hosts perceive that household living standards have deteriorated over time. To capture subjective well-being, the survey asks if the living standard of the household or their community has improved or worsened in the past five years (Figure 5.8a) and in the past 1 year (Figure 5.8b). Overall, most households feel that their living standards have deteriorated. While in-camp refugees are more pessimistic about the changes in their households’ living standards, there is no significant difference in perceptions among OCP refugees in Addis Ababa and their hosts. The considerably high negative perception about changes in household living standards indicates that well-being has been worsening for everyone over the past few years, but even more so for refugees in camps. Refugees, on average, have poor food and nutrition security outcomes compared to their hosts. The extent of food insecurity measured by the food insecurity scale is significantly higher for refugees than hosts, both for in-camp and for out-of-camp refugees (Figure 5.9). While the food insecurity Refugee and host communities could differ in multiple dimensions over and above consumption. The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) explores this multiple deprivation, capturing differences across three dimensions of well-being: health, education, and

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Input:
40% of the respondents reported that their community **38%**
or living area is not currently experiencing elevated
tensions and frequent clashes. This perception is
consistent with the available surveys and assessments
run by the NWS PC, on the escalation of hostilities
started in October 2023 and still ongoing.
 The survey also explored the **presence of Unexploded Ordnance (UXO)** in the living areas of youth in
northwest Syria, along with their experiences of receiving support for clearance and awareness, 13%
reporting presence in their area. Among those who reported the presence of UXO, 25% received help or
support for clearance, and 79% of those who received support reported that it included an awareness
session about explosive ordnance exchange.

**Is your community experiencing elevated**

**tensions and frequent clashes?**

**38%**

**7**

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Input: The sample households are located within varying distance from the nearest refugee camp (approx. 67 to 76, 665 meters) (see Figure 3). 12DRDIP aims to improve access to basic social services, expand economic opportunities, and enhance environmental management for communities hosting refugees through providing funding for community driven projects.

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Input:
Over 11,000 indigenous Venezuelans currently residing in Brazil have been identified by UNHCR
and partners. Compared to the overall Venezuelan population, they face compounded challenges
accessing basic rights and services, including higher rates of food insecurity (58% vs 52%), health
care needs (75% vs 59%) and out of school children (21% vs 15%). [3] Language barriers and limited
formal education of adults (indigenous refugees are 5 times more likely to have no formal
education when compared to the general Venezuelan population in Brazil), significantly affect their
prospects for successful integration. [4]

### Protection brief in graphics

Population category Population category

Breakdown by nationality

_2 World Bank and UNHCR (2021), Integration of Venezuelan Refugees and Migrants in Brazil,_

_[https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/498351617118028819/pdf/Integration-of-Venezuelan-Refugees-and-Migrants-in-Brazil.pdf;](https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/498351617118028819/pdf/Integration-of-Venezuelan-Refugees-and-Migrants-in-Brazil.pdf)_
_ACNUR & Ministerio do Trabalho e Emprego (2024), Informe sobre o mercado de trabalho formal para Haitianos no Brasil,_
_[https://www.acnur.org/br/sites/br/files/2024-11/informe-mercado-trabalho-formal-haitianos-brasil-jun-2024.pdf](https://www.acnur.org/br/sites/br/files/2024-11/informe-mercado-trabalho-formal-haitianos-brasil-jun-2024.pdf)_
_ACNUR & Ministerio do Trabalho e Emprego (2024), Informe sobre o mercado de trabalho formal para pessoas refugiadas afegãs no Brasil_
https://www.acnur.org/br/sites/br/files/2024-11/informe-mercado-trabalho-formal-pessoas-afegas-no-brasil-junho-2024.pdf

---
[3] R4V (2023), Refugee and Migrant Needs Analysis, https://rmrp.r4v.info/rmna2023/](https://rmrp.r4v.info/rmna2023/) p. 85

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Input: As a result, migration may entail negative eﬀects on the productivity and wages of migrants, often reﬂected in terms of occupa- tional downgrading (Jasso et al. (2000)). For instance, our survey indicates that 72 % of the Venezuelans who migrated to Ecuador report that their skills were used more productively in their jobs back in Venezuela. On the other hand, international migration typically entails moving from low to high productivity countries, which can lead to increases in wages and productivity (Clemens (2011)). Migration driven by natural or man-made disasters, such as the Venezuelan exodus, is much more likely to be of the South-South type and, as a result, this type of productivity gain may be less relevant. An important feature of the EPEC survey is that it contains retrospective information on the last job held by migrants prior to leaving Venezuela. The goal in the remainder of this section is to compare the changes in occupation experienced by Venezuelan migrants 14 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input:
[7] We use the expanded December 2017 vintage of the I2D2   database. Only select members of the research team or individuals in charge of   harmonizing the data can access the database.

**Sample** **Size.** The version of the I2D2 database that we use includes about 1,500   survey/census samples. However, wages are only reported for about two thirds of them.

The baseline sample that we obtain includes 24,437,020 individuals from 1,073   surveys and 11 censuses in 145 countries from 1990-2016 (median number of samples   7The I2D2 database has been used to study labor markets or returns to education (Montenegro and Patrinos, 2014; de Hoyos et al., 2015; Gindling and Newhouse, 2014; Gindling et al., 2016).    <!-- PAGE 10 --> 7   per country = 6; mean = 7.5; min = 1; max = 44).

Also, the I2D2 team does not provide details on how the   harmonized variables were created for each survey, and thus the level of consistency   across surveys. However, given the wide use of the data across flagship World Bank   reports, we feel compelled to trust that the I2D2 team did a good enough job that the   results generated in our study do not capture statistical artefacts.

In addition, we measure _potential_ work   experience as I2D2 does not include direct measures of work experience. Ability (e.g.,   test scores) is also not measured.

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Input: Africa. The Afro Barometer Working Papers No. 200. Woldehanna, T., Hoddinott, J., and Dercon, S. (2008). Poverty and Inequality in Ethiopia:1995/96 – 2004/05. May. World Bank (2017). Forcibly Displaced: Toward a Development Approach Supporting Refugees, the Internally Displaced, and Their Hosts. Washington, D.C: World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0938-5. World Bank. (2019). Informing the Refugee Policy Response in Uganda. Results from the Uganda Refugee and Host Communities 2018 Household Survey. World Bank. (2019b). Better Opportunities for All: Vietnam Poverty and Shared Prosperity Update Report. Washington DC: World Bank Group. World Bank (2020). Ethiopia Regional Poverty Report: Promoting Equitable Growth for All Regions. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. World Bank (2020b). Ethiopia Poverty Assessment: Harnessing Continued Growth for Accelerated Poverty Reduction. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. World Bank (2023). World Development Report 2023: Migrants, Refugees, and Societies. Washington, D.C: World Bank Group. https://doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1941-4 World Bank. (2023a). Social Cohesion and Forced Displacement: A Synthesis of New Research. World Bank. (2023b). Welfare in Forcibly Displaced Populations: From Measuring Outcomes to Building Capabilities. Leveraging Harmonized Data to Improve Welfare among Forcibly Displaced Populations and their Hosts: A Technical Brief Series. World Bank. (2023c). Do Legal Restrictions Affect Refugees’ Labor Market and Education Outcomes? Evidence from Harmonized Data

Uganda Refugee and Host Communities 2018 Household Survey

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Input: A survey was carried out in the health sector (health centers) with the support of the World Bank in 2005, but has not been yet validated. In the rural development sector, where the first expenditure tracking survey between the decentralized center and services was to be carried out in 2005 on PEFA funds, the survey is yet to be carried out. It is critical that adequate management measures are gradually put in place to stop the current waste of resources. These measures include, inter alia, the accounting improvement of material, improvement of the inventory and delivery control, and especially a transparent planning of the deliveries, including, the posting of the received deliveries, their comparison with the planned deliveries and their certification by users within each service. It would also be desirable that in each ministry, an action plan is prepared for the implementation of these measures, on the basis of existing ones, and with target indicators as regards improvement of the arrival of the expenditure at intended destination. The social ministries could usefully open the way in this field, on the basis of some projection already carried out. Without a quantitative and qualitative improvement of the arrival of the expenditure at their final recipient, the increase in the budgetary appropriations to the priority sectors will hardly be translated into substantial concrete results on the ground. 29 It is difficult to make accurate forecasts for the implementation of certain programs or developments in economic parameters such as inflation or interest rate. Some immediate needs that were not foreseen during budget execution may appear during budget execution. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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