Input: Looking also at the impact of IDPs in Colombia on wages, Morales (2017) uses a labor force survey, census data and registry data to study short and long-term effects as follows: 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 െ 𝑟𝑢𝑛: 𝑦 ௜ ௠ ௧ ൌ 𝛼 ൅ 𝛽𝑑 ௠ ௧ ି ଵ ൅ 𝜆 ௜ 𝑋 ௜ ௠ ௧ ൅ 𝜆 ௠ 𝑋 ௠ ௧ ൅ 𝛾௧ ൅ 𝛿 ௠ ൅ 𝛿 ௠ 𝑇 ൅ 𝜀 ௜ ௠ ௧ 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 െ 𝑟𝑢𝑛: 𝑦 ௜ ௠ ൌ 𝛼 ൅ 𝛽𝑑 ௠ ൅ 𝜆 ௜ 𝑋 ௜ ௠ ൅ 𝜆 ௠ 𝑋 ௠ ൅ 𝛿 ஽ ௠ ൅ 𝜀 ௜ ௠ where y is the log of wages, i, m, and i are individuals, municipalities and time respectively, 𝑋 ௜ ௠ ௧ are individual controls, 𝑋 ௠ ௧ is the log of total population or other municipality controls, 𝛾௧ and 𝛿 ௠ are time and municipality fixed effects, 𝛿 ௠ 𝑇 are municipality time trends, 𝛿 ஽ ௠ are department fixed effects and d is the inflow of IDPs defined as 𝑑 ௠ ௧ ൌ 100 𝑝𝑜𝑝 ௠ ௧ 𝑓 ௠ ௧ where 𝑓 ௠ ௧ is the total number of IDPs arriving in municipality m at time t. The same variable without the t subscript is used for the long-run effects equation. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

labor force survey
census data
registry data

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Input: 9 Figure 10. Selected characteristics across Ugandan and refugee households, % Source: RHCS 2018, WB staff calculations. A simple comparison between refugees and Ugandan households demonstrates that refugees lag with regards to selected characteristics found to narrow the poverty gap. For example, refugees are less likely to have access to land than Ugandans. If refugees have access to land, the majority do not own it, but have user rights. The size of land also differs a lot among Ugandan and refugee households. Most Ugandans have at least 0. 05 hectare per capita, while the majority of refugees have less than 0. 05 hectare per capita. Refugee heads of household are also less likely to work and less likely to be literate compared to their Ugandan counterparts. Refugees have higher shares of children and elderly in household size compared to Ugandans. For example, among almost 60 percent of refugee households, more than half of the household members are children and elderly compared to 42 percent of households among Ugandans. Economic inclusion dividend When a development approach to hosting refugees is followed and refugees earn incomes, there are two key beneficiaries. Refugees themselves, who gain dignity, financial autonomy and pathways to self-reliance. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: Using Afrobarometer ’ s geocoded surveys, we focus on clusters as our unit of observation. 10 Our sample consists of 7, 547 such locations and 76, 518 individuals in 23 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. “ The sampling universe normally includes all citizens age 18 and older. As a standard practice, they [we] exclude people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories, patients in hos- pitals, and persons in prisons or nursing homes. ” (Afrobarometer, https: / / afrobarometer. org / surveys − and − methods / sampling − principles) Since the sampling frame is based on recent censuses, with the aim of representing all citizens of voting age in a given country, the Afrobarometer samples are unlikely to include refugees. Note also that “ the sample design is a clustered, stratified, multi-stage, 8We explain the construction of theses indices in Section 4. 2. 9We test the robustness of our results with a smaller (40 km) and a larger (120 km) radius in Section 5. 3. This choice of buffer size assures us that between 75 percent and virtually all refugee camps fall within a cluster buffer. Other studies relying on Afrobarometer data construct buffers ranging from 25 km (e. g., Michaelopoulos and Papaioannou (2011), investigating ethnic-specific pre-colonial institutional structures) to 100 km (e. g., McGuirk and Burke (2020a), analyzing the impact of food-price shocks on conflict). 10Afrobarometer is a pan-African research network conducting public attitude surveys on democracy, governance, the economy, and society in African countries that are repeated on a regular basis (Afrobarometer, 2020). 10 Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input:
They can be viewed and downloaded at [https://doi.org/10.48529/2ZH0-JF55](https://doi.org/10.48529/2ZH0-JF55) or, currently, [https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/4218.](https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/4218) The citation is Andr´ee (2021). 6There are also country-specific data gathered by FSNAU (Somalia) and CLiMIS (South Sudan). More recently, the International Food Policy Research Institute has piloted gathering high frequency prices in several countries. 7For instance, estimates have also been developed for Papua New Guinea in collaboration with IFPRI in a separate pilot project.

For example, maize, sorghum, millet, wheat, vegetable oil, to name a few common food items, are also tracked in the World Bank Commodities Price Data (The Pink Sheet) that is used to construct the World Bank Food Price Index used to track international food price developments.

Using detailed data on expenditures from a 2017/18 household budget survey and caloric information from the Brazilian Table of Food Composition, calorie intake is assigned to more than 1,400 items to estimate the cost per calorie for a representative group of the population.

World Bank Food Price Index
Brazilian Table of Food Composition

country-specific data gathered by FSNAU
household budget survey

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: As explained in section 4, the HRVD dataset contains data on the number of human rights violations occurred since the start of the conflict in 1975 until its end in 1999 for each district. The types of violations recorded are killings, deaths due to deprivation and disappearances. We use only the number of killings to identify years and districts affected by the conflict. We exclude the deaths due to deprivation because the districts in which this occurred may very likely not be those where the conflict was most intense, but were simply places were the victims were hiding as a consequence of escaping from the troops, and died for starvation. In addition, since killings are less likely to affect entire families than deaths due to deprivation, there is a lower underreporting bias attached to the former measure relative to the latter one (Silva and Ball 2006). We also exclude disappearances as, according to HRVD data, they do not show enough time and geographical variation in order to identify individuals more or less exposed to the conflict. We believe that the number of killings proxies quite well the intensity of the conflict across time and space as their occurrence largely tracked the movements of the Indonesian military operations. The other two types of violations do not seem to show the same pattern (Silva and Ball 2006). For the same reason, we believe that it proxies quite well the destruction of houses and infrastructure and the displacement of people given the way in which the last wave of violence occurred (i. e. the scorch-earth technique employed by Indonesian troops as they moved towards West Timor). Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: The weight given to each province in constructing the synthetic control is based on pre-treatment outcomes. We use the pre-treatment average of the outcome dimension, Y, the unemployment rate, employment rate and the import and export per capita of the province to determine the degree of similarity between control group provinces and the treated provinces, which in turn determines the weight assigned to control provinces. The unemployment and employment rates are included to control for the general economic performance while trade values are added to control for the degree of ’ openness ’ of the province. 6 The treated unit i = 1 is constructed by taking the mean of the outcome variables in the provinces hosting refugees in 2012 or 2013. 5 Data We use several data sources for the analysis. The IV estimations use data from years 2011 and 2014 while the DD estimations use data from 2009 to 2014. The numbers of refugees up to 2012 are treated as 0. The refugee data for 2012 and 2013 are obtained from UNHCR ’ s oﬃcial weekly statements in December. Data on the number of refugees in 2014 is from Erdo ˘ gan (2014), who uses statements released by the Ministry of the Interior to compile his data. All refugee data we use in the analysis is provided at the level of 81 provinces. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input: Figure 3. Wealth Index Distribution (a) Wealth Index- Total 0. 05. 1. 15. 2. 25 k-Density- 5 0 5 10 15 Wealth Index Colombian Venezuelan Venezuelan: Before migrating (b) Adequate Housing Materials (% of Total) 0 1 2 3 4 k-Density 0. 2. 4. 6. 8 1 Average- Dwelling Material Colombian Venezuelan Venezuelan: Before migrating (c) Asset Ownership (# Total) 0. 05. 1. 15 k-Density 0 10 20 30 40 Total Assets Colombian Venezuelan Venezuelan: Before migrating (d) Access to Services (% of Total) 0 1 2 3 k-Density 0. 2. 4. 6. 8 1 Average- Access to Services Colombian Venezuelan Venezuelan: Before migrating Notes: Panel (a) presents the distribution of the wealth index for Colombian and Venezuelan households in our sample in 2022 and pre-migration. Wealth Index is an index measure of the household ’ s cumula- tive living standard constructed following The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) methodology. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: hinders future prospects. Globally in 2019, almost half of all refugee children were out of school (UNHCR, 2020d). Of those attending school, most do not make it past basic education; gross enrolment in primary education stood at 77 percent in 2019. Yet, the contrast between primary and secondary school enrolment remains stark, and only 31 percent of refugee children were enrolled in secondary school, much below the global average of secondary school enrolment. A recent study of refugee children in Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya, for example, found that literacy and learning outcomes for refugee children were significantly lower than in immediate host community or the rest of Kenya (Piper et al., 2020). This report shows that education outcomes for children in Ethiopia are low across all population groups and ages but particularly for refugee children. COVID-19 exacerbated this situation for many refugee children (Wieser, 2020). 1.2 How does Socio-Economic Survey of Refugees in Ethiopia (SESRE) contribute to the debate on policies? The Socio-Economic Survey of Refugees in Ethiopia (SESRE) is a representative survey of the refugee population in Ethiopia and their host communities, the first of its kind.9 Ethiopia made significant progress over the past few years in articulating

Socio-Economic Survey of Refugees in Ethiopia

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Maternal depression was measured by the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), which has previously been used in Pakistan and has been found to be valid and reliable for screening for depressive disorders in rural Pakistan (Husain et al., 2006). The SRQ-20 contains 20 yes / no questions, with higher scores indicating higher levels of depression, and was found to have a high internal consistency reliability, with a Cronbach ’ s alpha of. 89 in this sample. Anxiety. Maternal anxiety was assessed using the General Anxiety Disorder 7-item questionnaire (GAD-7). This 7-item questionnaire has been found to be valid in the Gilgit province of Pakistan (Ahmad et al., 2017) and has subsequently been used in other assessments of anxiety in Pakistan (Yasmin et al., 2021). The GAD-7 was found to have a high internal consistency reliability, with a Cronbach ’ s alpha of. 80 in this sample. Parenting Stress. Parenting stress was measured using an adapted version of the Parental Stress Scale (PSS), which has previously been validated in Urdu in Punjab (Bilal et al., 2021). The adapted version used in this survey was designed by Ugarte et al., 2024 for Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: Some data sources (such as registration systems and population censuses) are more appropriate for estimating stocks of asylum-seekers, refugees and IDPs at a particular point in time, while other data sources (such as population tracking systems and border crossings) are more appropriate for estimating flows over a specific period. In general, there is a lack of comprehensive and up-to-date data available on all stocks and flows for a particular displacement situation (see Table 4). Consequently, data on flows might be used to estimate stocks, for example in the absence of government data, the stock of refugees in many industrialized countries is estimated by UNHCR based on 10 years of individual asylum-seeker recognition. And, especially in the case of IDPs, changes in the total population combined with some contextual analysis, may be used to deduce estimates of new internal displacement or returns. However, these approximations are flawed unless data on all other flows (births, deaths, repatriation etc.) are also available, which is not usually the case. Even a static figure for the stock of IDPs in a particular location might obscure substantial flows including new displacement and returns. Moreover, there are no common definitions of the various stocks and flows, and therefore the risk of double counting or gaps cannot be discounted.

population censuses
population tracking systems

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A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: E Nigeria Somalia Sudan Host community Refugees Host community IDP Host community IDP Host community IDP No earners 40 % 51 % 62 % 50 % 32 % 64 % 7 % 45 % Remittance recipients only 7 % 8 % 76 % 69 % 16 % 37 %-- Female single earner 12 % 52 % 23 % 37 % 35 % 70 % 24 % 55 % Male single earner 8 % 23 % 4 % 14 % 24 % 50 % 8 % 39 % Majority female earners 3 % 57 % 9 % 28 % 9 % 28 % 15 % 45 % Equal contribution 10 % 24 % 17 % 16 % 23 % 63 % 8 % 41 % Majority male earners 5 % 16 % 15 % 19 % 20 % 52 % 9 % 39 % Source: Authors ’ calculations based on data from the High Frequency Surveys of Ethiopia (2017), Nigeria (2018), Somalia (2017), South Sudan (2017) and Sudan (2017). Overall, the results show that besides gender, displacement status and the number of household contributors plays a key role in the identification and level of poverty. In comparison with female-headed non-displaced households, more female-headed displaced households are classified as multidimensionally poor. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Road data from the transport sector review were used to construct a road condition index for each of the 89 communes in the project area. The index combines pavement condition scores, bridge load ratings, and seasonal accessibility ratings into a composite infrastructure access score. Communes ranked in the bottom tertile of the index were given priority consideration for infrastructure investments under Component 2, subject to confirmation through community consultation that road rehabilitation was among the top three priorities identified by community members.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 29 evaluations have been conducted (Renton et al., 2000; Shaw, 2000; Shaw, 2002a; Shaw, 2002b; Paine et al., 2002; White, Greene and Murphy, 2003; Interagency working Group, 2003). For example, the Medical Research Council (from the United Kingdom) conducted an external evaluation of program effectiveness in the Gambia using key informant interviews, focus groups, and a KAP (knowledge, attitudes and practices) survey in four villages, including two program sites and two controls. That study found that the Gambia program improved self-reported attitudes and behaviors related to violence against women. Specifically, the program reduced the social acceptability of wife-beating at the community level and appeared to produce a corresponding drop in that behavior. Qualitative findings from other Stepping Stones sites suggest similar benefits. Program H (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Jamaica, Mexico and Peru) is being carried out by four NGOs. It aims to change gender norms and sexual behaviors in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Jamaica, Mexico and Peru (Barker, 2003; White, Green and Murphy, 2003; Guedes, 2004). Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
9 Beans, for instance, which are one of the most important food purchases and items in Brazil, have a raw calorie intake of 306 kcal per 100 g in TBCA (Feijão, carioca), while in the prepared form, TBCA assigns 71 kcal per 100 g, assuming a composition of 50 percent beans and 50 percent water to the meal.

Table 2 shows the top 10 food groups in POF in terms of average calorie intake per 100g. It shows that
'Meat' is the most expensive food group, followed by 'Breads, Cakes and Pies'. On the other hand, 'Kitchen
Oil' is displayed as the most caloric food group, as expected. It is followed by 'Flour Derivatives' (which
includes pasta). The cheapest food group is 'Beans and Legumes', while the least caloric is 'Fruits'.
Therefore, the data - including our calorie mapping - show some expected patterns of caloric and price
distribution across food groups.

_Source:_ Own calculations using POF 2017/18 data and TBCA, based on food items categorizations by IBGE.

For this, we construct a consumption aggregate using the data from POF. The consumption aggregate is based on household expenditures on goods and services.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
complete census of land parcels in Barafu and Kati, known as the Tanzanian Land Rights

Survey (TLRS). Households were identified using records and maps from the Kinondoni

Municipality, which had created a listing of all households in the area to assist with the

**Notes:** data are from Tanzanian Land Rights survey. Sample restricted to dual-headed households in
treatment blocks.

levels of female land ownership: investigating the gender breakdown of land ownership in

using baseline data from the experimental intervention, which is discussed in more

detail in the following section. Households in two unplanned settlements in Dar

es Salaam were asked a series of questions about the _de_ _facto_ ownership of land,

5To avoid priming, households were not asked directly about female ownership. Instead, they were
asked to list all members of the household that were default owners, must be consulted before a sale, or
would be included on a CRO.
6Section 191(2) of the 1999 Land Act and section 58 of the (1971) Law of Marriage Act.
7Authors' calculations using data from the Kinondoni municipal data.
8Section 159(6) of the 1999 Land Act.

8

<!-- PAGE 12 -->
Table 1: Female land ownership in Dar es Salaam

baseline data from the experimental intervention

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in these papers are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http: / / econ. worldbank. org. * Contact author: Håvard Hegre; CSCW, PRIO, Hausmanns gate 7, N-0187 Oslo, Norway. Email: hhegre @ prio. no. Thanks to Joachim Carlsen for writing a program to create the dataset used in the analysis, to Siri Aas Rustad for research assistance, and to Kristian Gleditsch, Anke Hoeffler, Pat Regan, Mike Ward, Nils Weidmann and Jen Ziemke for valuable comments. The research has been funded by the Research Council of Norway, grant no. 163115 / V10. WPS4243 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Third, the EPAG program was designed around the girls'needs: service providers held both morning and afternoon sessions, to accommodate the participants'busy schedules; trainings were held in the communities where the girls reside; and every site offered free childcare. Fourth, frequent and unannounced monitoring visits by MoGD staff ensured that the service providers created and maintained a high-quality learning 4 There are: National Adult Education Association of Liberia (NAEAL), Community Empowerment Sustainable Program (CESP), EduCare, and Children ’ s Assistance Program (CAP). 5 A total of 19 training venues were used during the first round of training. They were chosen with the following considerations in mind: 1. Girls ’ safety, so that the buildings are not so isolated or otherwise dangerous, raising security concerns for girls. 2. Conducive atmosphere for learning, spacious and sanitary with access to water and latrine facilities. Reasonably outside community noise concentration. 3. Proximity to community center and to security posts such as police depots. 4. Accessible to girls from various parts of the community. 5 Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The data on total gross proﬁts and net sales acquired from the Turkish Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology are compiled from administrative taxation data and was provided upon request by the ministry. The key diﬀerence from the Chamber of Commerce data is that the sales and proﬁts data include all businesses including self- proprietorships. 9 Data were provided for the years between 2010 and 2014 and are re- ported in nominal Turkish Liras (TL). It is worth noting that the administrative data will not include any informal activities by deﬁnition and they are likely to be less accurate and complete for smaller ﬁrms. Firms whose sales do not exceed an annually determined limit do not have to report their balance sheets which includes sales and proﬁt ﬁgures. 10 We scale the variables according to province size by dividing sales and proﬁts by the pop- ulation of the provinces. If we use sales and proﬁts in absolute terms, we get qualitatively similar results. The IV estimations use data from the years 2011 and 2014. Since the number of refugees was still relatively small in 2011 and really started picking up only in 2012, we 12 Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
proxied by observing student "i" sitting for ENLACE in Grades 9 and 12, respectively.

We also use the ENLACE panel to examine the relationship between Grade 6 test scores

The ENILEMS-ENLACE panel is used to examine the relationship between Grade 12

Learning achievement is measured using an aggregated ENLACE test score, the simple

derstand how much of ENLACE's predictive power is related to the skills it captures as

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 4 to 32 percent (see Table A1 in appendix). The total number of internally displaced people (IDP) outnumbers the stock of refugees in SSA and in the world but overall has followed a similar trend compared to the number of refugees (by country of origin). 1 Major civil wars in Central Africa mainly explained the peak in 1993 and 1994 and the increase at the end of the 1990s. Figure 1. Refugee population by origin, 1990 ‐ 2013 Note: Authors ’ aggregation based on UNHCR statistical population online dataset, accessed in September 2014. Data from 2007 to 2013 include people in refugee ‐ like situations. Persons in refugee ‐ like situations include “ groups of persons who are outside their country or territory of origin and who face protection risks similar to refugees but for whom refugee status has, for practical or other reasons, not been ascertained ” (UNHCR 2014: 39). Refugees in Africa seem to have mainly remained in Africa. Although SSA also hosts refugees from other regions, the closeness of the ‘ blue ’ and ‘ red ’ lines in Figure 2 ‐ representing the number of refugees originating from and hosted in SSA ‐ is an indication that most refugees cross borders within Africa. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

UNHCR statistical population online dataset

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Input: In this sense, it is necessary to take into consideration that all indicators of prevalence of NSE and its profile will be limited to a subset of this kind of workers. 4. 1 Latin America and the Caribbean This section focuses on the Latin America and the Caribbean region, where a set of 9 countries, that we consider representing the different realities of the region in an exhaustive way, was analyzed. Specifically, the analysis was conducted for Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, El Salvador, Mexico, Peru, Dominican Republic and Uruguay. 5O * NET is the successor of DOT (Dictionary of Occupational Titles) which is no longer updated. O * NET was launched in 1998 on the basis of the BLS Occupational Employment Statistics codes. In 2003, it was changed to SOC which implies that the consistent measures of task content are calculated from 2003.

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A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: A growing number of low and middle-income countries have tried to improve the law enforcement response to gender-based violence by training professionals, reorganizing police and courts, and trying to provide a more comprehensive response to survivors. Evidence of effectiveness is relatively limited; most well-evaluated initiatives come from high-income countries, and the lessons learned may not be applicable to developing countries. Evaluations of law enforcement reforms in low and middle income countries have typically been limited to case study approaches drawing from police records (notorious for under-reporting), qualitative perspectives from key informant interviews, intermediate outcomes such as changes in attitudes and knowledge among police and judges, and interviews with small numbers of women who have sought legal redress. Population-based data collection, control groups, or follow-up among more than a handful of survivors are rare. Nonetheless, the following initiatives illustrate the types of efforts that have produced important lessons learned. Training personnel in the police and judiciary and other parts of the justice system Throughout the world, organizations have launched efforts to improve the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of justice sector personnel regarding gender-based violence. Some law enforcement institutions organize training internally, as did South Africa following passage of the 1998 Domestic Violence Act (Usdin et al., 2000). Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: The respondent ’ s current location is iden- tiﬁed down to the centro poblado level, which roughly corresponds to an urban neighborhood or a rural town. Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO) is the Peruvian version of the Living Standards Measurement Survey, e. g. a nationally representative household survey collected monthly on a continuous basis. For our analysis, we use data from January 2007 to December 2020. The survey covers a wide variety of topics, including basic demographics, educational back- ground, labor market conditions, crime victimization, and a module on respondent ’ s percep- tions about the main problems in the country and trust on diﬀerent local and national level institutions. Observations are also spatially identiﬁed at the municipality level, but here we focus on variation in the Venezuelan share of the population at the province level, of which there are 196, as these are best representative of local labor markets. Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) is a opinion survey conducted bi-annually in all countries in Latin America and designed to be representative of urban populations. This was ﬁelded in Peru in 2010, 2012, 2014, 2017 and 2019 and consists of about 2, 000 observations from mostly urban areas. The survey questions are centered around politics, 8 Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: Figure A. 2: Injective relations We also isolate many-to-one (bijective) relations. In this case, we have to aggregate the Afro- barometer ethnicities with their unique and more aggregated correspondence in the UNHCR refugee camps data (See Figure A. 3). Figure A. 3: Bijective relations The remaining correspondences are either (i) one-to-many (bijective) but opposite to Figure A. 3 (i. e., many ethnicities from the UNHCR refugee camps data correspond to one ethnicity from the Afrobarometer) or (ii) many-to-many relations. For both cases, we apply a more pragmatic approach: a. In both cases, we disregard ethnicities that do not appear either in the Afrobarometer or in the UNHCR refugee camps data. This means that for the remaining ethnicity that has no counterpart in either the Afrobarometer or the UNHCR refugee camps data, we simply keep the name of the ethnicity as such, i. e., this information is not dropped. b. Then, after ignoring ethnicities that have no occurrence in our datasets, we check whether the one-to-many or the many-to-many relation has not boiled down to a one-to-one resp. many-to- one relation again. If so, we can treat them as above. c. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: T. V., Savadogo, A., and Tanaka, T. (2021). Refugees in Chad: The Road Forward. The World Bank. Norman, T., Borjesson, M., and Anderstig, C. (2017). Labor Market Accessibility and Unemployment. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. Pape, U. J., Petrini, B., and Iqbal, S. A. (2018). Informing Durable Solutions by Micro-Data: A Skills Survey for Refugees in Ethiopia. Peters, S. and Golden, S. (2019). Assessing Mental Health in Gambella, Ethiopia: A Representative Survey of South Sudanese Refugees in Nguenyyiel Camp. St. Paul, MN: The Center for Victims of Trauma. Pimhidzai, O., Chigumira, E., Tesfaye,W., and Yonis, M. (2022). Ethiopia - Rural Income Diagnostics Study: Leveraging the Transformation in the Agri-Food System and Global Trade to Expand Rural Incomes. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. https://documentsinternal.worldbank.org/search/33891468 Piper, B., Dryden-Peterson, S., Chopra, V., Reddick, C., and Oyanga, A. (2020). Are Refugee Children Learning? Early Grade Literacy in a Refugee Camp in Kenya. The Journal on Education in Emergencies, Inter-agency Network for Education in References 80 References Emergencies, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.33682/f1wr-yk6y. Ravallion, M. (1998). Poverty Lines in Theory and Practice: Living Standards Measurement Study. LSMS Working Paper, Issue 133. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/916871468766156239/pdf ReDSS. (2018). Local Integration Focus: Refugees in Ethiopia - Gaps and Opportunities for Refugees Who

Ethiopia - Rural Income Diagnostics Study

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Input: The report focuses on intent-to-treat (ITT) estimates, measuring the impact of offering volunteering opportunities and soft skills training independently of actual take-up. 9 We estimate the following individual-level intent-to-treat regression: 𝑌 ௜ ௧ ൌ 𝛼 + 𝜇 ௡ ൅ 𝛽𝑇௧ + 𝛾𝐷 ௜ + 𝛿ሺ𝑇 ∗ 𝐷ሻ ௜ ௧ + 𝜀 ௜ ௧ (1) where 𝑌 ௜ ௧ is the outcome of interest for respondent i in period t, 𝑇௧ is a post-treatment year binary variable, 𝐷 ௜ is a binary variable for being assigned to the treatment, and 𝜇 ௡ is a fixed effect for NGOs. 𝛼 represents the baseline average for the outcome of interest for non-selected youth. 𝛽 is the difference in after-and- before intervention in outcomes for non-selected youth. 𝛽 ൅ 𝛿 is the difference in after-and- before intervention in outcomes for selected youth. 𝛾 is the difference in 9 Due to some procurement delays that caused a big time-lag between baseline data collection and actual NGO project implementation, many of the volunteers who belonged to selected NGOs and who were randomly selected to participate in the impact evaluation study dropped out after their baseline data were collected and were replaced by other volunteers. Project monitoring data reveal that 23 percent of volunteers assigned to treatment did not actually end up participating in the NVSP. Given the relatively high number of non-compliance, we are unable to perform Local Average Treatment Effects (LATE) analyses to understand the impact of participating in NVSP on outcomes of interest. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: 1 Introduction Company owners and managers make two decisions with important implications in the labor market: what skills are demanded and who to hire. On the demanded skills, a driver of trends in employment is the changing demand for soft skills (Heckman and Kautz (2012), Weidmann and Deming (2021)). However, we know relatively little about what kinds of soft skills employers value in modern entry- level jobs (Heller and Kessler, 2022). On the decision of who to hire, it is in the best interest of companies to hire based on workers productivity. However, several studies have documented the existence of labor market discrimination in a wide range of contexts (Bertrand and Duflo (2017), Neumark (2018)) and it remains unclear how discrimination operates throughout the hiring process and how the existent empirical evidence on discrimination is linked to economic theory (Bertrand and Duflo, 2017). We conducted a correspondence study in 2023 using a large online job platform to assess demand for soft skills in the context of hiring discrimination in Malaysia. Malaysia is a particularly interesting setting because it is an upper-middle-income economy, home to multiple ethnicities representing large shares of the population, and previously documented gender gaps in labor force participation and wages. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input:
**Total Poverty** **Food Poverty** **Lower Total**
**Estimation** **Poverty**

Parametric R$287 R$507
Nonparametric R$287 R$503
_Source:_ Own calculations using POF 2017/18.

**Total Poverty** **Food** **Lower Total**
**Estimation** **Poverty** **Poverty**

Parametric R$251 R$443
Non-parametric R$251 R$441
_Source:_ Own calculations using POF 2017/18.

Deaton and Zaidi (2002) advert to the fact that implicit rent, as elicited in POF and used here, is a hypothetical concept that could lead to estimations that are not usable.

In this paper we have presented our estimate of a poverty line for Brazil, using the CBN approach and based on the most recent data (POF 2017/18). Our preferred specification results in a food poverty line, accounting only for nutritional requirements, of R$258 (in 2018 Southeast urban prices) per person per month.

In comparison with earlier work, mainly based on POF 2003, our poverty lines are generally similar in real
values, although methodologies differ, and consumption patterns have likely changed over time.
Converted to January 2018 prices and considering São Paulo (mostly metropolitan) lines in the case of
regional lines, previous estimates range from R$485 to R$532 (Rocha, 2007; Silveira et al., 2007). Ferreira
et al. (2003) used POF 1996 and estimated a lower poverty line of R$477 in January 2018 metropolitan
São Paulo prices. Only World Bank (2007) estimated a considerably lower poverty line of R$272 in January
2018 metropolitan São Paulo prices.

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Input: These surveys are part of a long-term data collection effort by the research team (Vinck & Pham 2014) and were collected separately from the focus group discussions. The focus group discussions thus did not directly inﬂuence the design of the surveys, but rather directed the analysis strategy of the surveys that our team has collected at regular intervals in eastern DRC. The survey data are analyzed in two ways. First, 11 surveys collected between 2017 and 2021 8Eastern DRC is a site of ongoing violence, raising a number of ethical, methodological, and practical concerns about collecting data. We discuss the ethical protections we implemented when collecting this survey data in the Appendix, Section B. 9Territoires are sub-provincial administrative units. Additional details on the structure of administrative units are available in the Appendix, Section A. 1. 21 Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: Produced by the Research Support Team Abstract The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Policy Research Working Paper 6832 This paper presents findings from the impact evaluation of the Economic Empowerment of Adolescent Girls and Young Women (EPAG) project in Liberia. The EPAG project was launched by the Liberian Ministry of Gender and Development in 2009 with the goal of increasing the employment and income of 2, 500 young Liberian women by providing livelihood and life skills training and facilitating their transition to productive work. The analysis in this paper is based on data collected during two rounds of quantitative surveys in 2010 and 2011, the second of which was conducted six months after the classroom-based phase of the training program ended. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: The database provides information on international bilateral migrant stocks (by citizenship2 or place of birth), sex, and age. There is considerable variation, however, in how destination countries collect, record, and disseminate immigration data. Meaningful comparison of destination country records over time is thus often confounded. In constructing global bilateral migration matrices, several challenges arise. First, destination countries typically classify migrants in different ways — by place of birth, citizenship, duration of stay, or type of visa. Using different criteria for a global dataset generates discrepancies in the data. Second, many geopolitical changes occurred between 1960 and 2000, with many international borders redrawn as new countries emerged and others disappeared. In addition to creating millions of migrants overnight — as when the Soviet Union collapsed — these events complicate the tracking of migrants over time. Third, even when national censuses of destination countries include data on international migrant stocks, the data are presented along aggregate geographic categories rather than by country of origin. Data therefore need to be disaggregated to the country level. Finally, the greatest hurdle is dealing with omitted or missing census data. Very few destination countries — especially developing countries — have conducted rigorous censuses or population registers during every census round over the second half of the twentieth century. Wars, civil strife, lack of funding, and political intransigence are but a few reasons why records may be discontinuous. 1 Of the 3, 500 sources detailed in the overarching UN Global Migration Database, 1, 107 were suitable for analysis, once repeated censuses had been removed or combined. Global Migration Database should not be confused with the Trends in International Migrant Stock Database, which lists aggregate migrant stocks for each destination country in the world at five year intervals (United Nations 2006) 2 The article treats the concepts of nationality and citizenship as analogous and uses the terms interchangeably.

Trends in International Migrant Stock Database

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Input: of trade with government. Because the dataset used for this study is cross- sectional rather than longitudinal, I am unable to examine whether citizens adjust their beliefs and behavior to relative changes in service delivery. I was only able to test whether there are associations between the absolute service quality across neighborhoods, countries and ethnic groups and deference to the tax department, police and courts. Further, citizens may not be attributing goods and services to the gov- ernment. Rather, citizens may be attributing goods and services, such as roads, electricity grids, sewage systems, health care and education to vari- ous non-state actors including the following: the private sector; NGOs and community-based groups; churches, mosques and other religious institutions; traditional leaders; and, bilateral and multilateral donors. Survey questions on the Afrobarometer only indicate the presence or absence of services and infrastructure, and the quality of these services, but these questions do not probe respondents on who they believe are providing these services. Each of the indicators of perceptions of government performance is sig- niﬁcant at the p < 0. 05 level. Food security is positively associated with a willingness to defer to the tax department. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: As in previous sections we follow Henderson et al. (2012) who argue that the relationship between GDP and night light at the country level can be expressed fairly well in a constant elasticity model in which an increase of night light by 1 percent implies an increase of GDP of about 0. 25 percent. Hodler and Raschky (2014) also look at the relationship between log nighttime light intensity and log GDP at the regional level using the panel data of regional GDP per capita assembled by Gennaioli et al. (2013) 48 and they conﬁrm that the relationship is linear and also ﬁnd an elasticity of around 0. 3. Access to political power is ranked on a scale from 1 to 7 in the GROWup dataset. Ethnic groups are"powerful"(monopoly of power or dominant group in power), have access to central power through a formal system of power sharing (as"Senior"or"Ju- nior"partner) or are “ excluded ” from power (self excluded, powerless or discriminated). Strong executive constraint is measured as a dummy indicating whether or not we have executive parity or subordination of the executive at the country level, a value 7 for “ xconst ” variable in Polity IV dataset. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: household. The dependency ratio— the ratio of dependents of those under age 15 and above age 64—to working members in a household, is also higher for in-camp refugees relative to hosts and highest among South Sudanese refugees. OCP refugees have the smallest average household size and the lowest dependency ratio. Refugee households are more likely to be headed by women. The share is exceptionally high for South Sudanese refugees, where 84 percent are female-headed (Annex D, Table D.1). This reflects a large share of women (71 percent) aged 25 to 44 among South Sudanese refugees (Annex D, Figure D.1). Refugees have younger household heads than hosts, except for Somali refugees, with the youngest household heads in Addis Ababa. -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 <15 15 to 24 25 to 44 45 to 64 >=65 In camp refugees In camp hosts Percent Percent <15 15 to 24 25 to 44 45 to 64 >=65 Addis refugees Addis hosts Figure 2.4: Age structure Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 49% 48% 45% 45% 47% 47% 51% 52% 55% 55% 53% 53% 0 20 40 60 80 Percent 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts

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Input: 14 displacement. 55 % of the returnees reported to have been employed before the crisis and 36 % in June 2014. Over time the employment situation among the displaced has improved steadily and by December 2014 more people reported being employed than prior to the crisis. All the returnees were able to regain employment after returning. The employment situation of IDPs, returnees, and refugees in Niger is steadily improving; only for refugees in Mauritania does one notice a steady decrease, with 100 % reporting no employment during January and February. Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014 and 2015. The ownership of livestock and consumer durables was reduced significantly as a consequence of the crisis. Table 7 demonstrates this by showing the Tropical Livestock Units (TLU) 12 owned prior to the crisis and in June 2014 as well as the percentage of ‘ yes ’ responses on a question whether a given asset was owned by the household. 13 The loss on livestock has been enormous particularly amongst IDPs and refugees who lost respectively more than 90 % and 75 % of their animals. 12 TLU is a common unit to describe livestock numbers of various species as a single figure that expresses the total amount of livestock present – irrespective of the specific composition. 13 This was a ‘ yes / no ’ question meaning that if 56 % of the

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Input: Kreibaum (2016) corroborate the ﬁnding that host communities near refugee settlements in Uganda have relatively higher consumption levels using data on three south-western districts, though the eﬀect is small in magnitude. d ’ Errico et al. (2021) ﬁnd that the presence of refugees has only modest eﬀects on local households ’ consumption levels. The authors attribute this ﬁnding not to an increase in demand for local produce, but to greater participation by host households in paid employment in aid agencies, and to the resulting increase in wage incomes. However, the eﬀects they observe are small, and concentrated in areas very near refugee settlements. 11 Most relevant to our study, Kreibaum (2016) reports that access to private primary schools (but not public schools or health services) has increased at a greater rate as a function of refugee presence. They measure refugee presence at the district level (refugee share of the district popu- lation) and focus on the south-western districts between 2002 and 2010. Thus, by including all of Uganda at the parish-year level as well as the post-2014 inﬂux, we extend their analysis. In sum, our study is the ﬁrst to measure the eﬀects of refugee presence on service delivery outcomes in Ugandan host communities. 10See Gianvenuti, Jalal and Kirule (2020) for more details. 11Note that both Zhu et al. (2016) and d ’ Errico et al. (2021) use original cross-sectional surveys. Without pre-treatment data, it is harder for them to make causal claims. 12 Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: World Bank team undertook field supervision, providing on-time and on-the-spot guidance for the field teams whenever and wherever they encountered a challenge. (e) Challenges faced and lessons learned The SESRE served as a learning experience for including refugees in future rounds of the official household survey (HoWStat). Given the unique feature of refugees compared to Ethiopians, the sampling methodology for the SESRE is unique for sampling refugees. Therefore, SESRE successfully tested the feasibility of sampling refugees and their hosts. To ensure the successful implementation of the sampling procedures, the ESS implemented a pilot sampling methodology before data collection started to ensure that all systems and processes were functioning. The ESS and World Bank teams conducted field visits for this pre-test in Afar and Addis Ababa. The field visits included discussions with camp community leaders, including the refugee community leaders, about the upcoming survey to understand better any sensitivities that may arise. The field visits helped to understand the camp administrative structure and environment of the teams facilitating the camp and to test the accessibility of sampled refugee households inside the camp, in Addis Ababa, and the identification of the host. ESS provided detailed feedback on the fieldwork procedures and adjustments

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Input: Similarly, regional representation of the sample was found to be in line with actual regional distribution of the population in the north. 16 The code of the day is the sum of the two figures of the date, i. e. if it ’ s the 25th of August the code of the day is 2 + 5 = 7. The enumerater will chose house number 7 as a starting point. Arab 3 % Tamashek 32 % Songhai 45 % Peulh / Foulbe 7 % Other ethnicities 13 % Figure 2: Ethnic composition of the North, 2009 Census Arab 5 % Tamashek 36 % Songhai 49 % Peulh / Foul be 7 % Other ethnicities 3 % Figure 3: Ethnic composition of sample Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: natural log of a country ’ s population size and government consumption as a share of GDP; the latter is the most widespread measure of government size (Adsera and Boix, 2002; Alesina and Wacziarg, 1998; Rodrik, 1998). Tax compliance is also related to the government ’ s ability to eﬀectively detect and punish tax avoiders, tax evaders, and tax arrears. Although an imperfect measure of states ’ deterrent capacity, Afrobarometer includes two survey questions on perceptions of government enforcement and monitoring capacities. One question probes respondents on how often ordinary people who break the law go unpunished. The other probes respondents on how often oﬃcials who commit crimes go unpunished. This latter question is also a measure of perceived government fairness- the extent to which a government implements the law evenly across all social groups. 6. 2. 5 Procedural Justice I include two indicators of procedural justice. The ﬁrst probes respondents on how often people are treated unequally under the law. The next taps citizens ’ perceptions of the government ’ s treatment of their ethnic group. Speciﬁcally, respondents were asked how often their ethnic group is treated unfairly by their government. 9 6. 2. 6 Donor and Non-State Actor Provision of Services I include a measure of who citizens believe is responsible for collecting income taxes. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: The MHPSS technical working group convened three times during the reporting period to review the integration of psychosocial support into primary health care delivery. Discussions focused on staff caseload thresholds, supervision ratios for community-based MHPSS workers, and referral criteria for cases requiring clinical psychiatric intervention. The working group endorsed revised MHPSS training modules and recommended that implementation partners adopt standardized intake forms to enable consistent tracking of service utilization across sites.

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Input: Beneficiary assessments revealed significant differences in protection concerns between newly arrived and long-staying refugees: new arrivals cited documentation and freedom of movement as primary concerns, while long-stayers reported livelihood insecurity and access to education as more pressing. These findings from the beneficiary assessments were used to differentiate the intensity and content of case management services offered to households by time-since-arrival cohort. Cohort-specific program designs are reflected in the operational manual's guidance for intake officers.

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Input:
**Procurement Performance**

As of the midterm review, all prior review contracts have been awarded and counter-signed, and 83 percent of goods and non-consulting services contracts have been awarded against the Year 2 procurement plan. Delays in two civil works contracts are attributed to a late ESMF clearance for one subproject and to difficulties in obtaining land access certification for a second. Both contracts are now unblocked, and the STEP system has been updated to reflect the revised award dates. No misprocurement has been identified during Bank reviews of contract documentation.

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Input: select EAs and 12 households per EA, whereby the EAs were considered a Primary Sampling Unit and the households as the Secondary Sampling Unit. The SESRE is designed to estimate demographic, socioeconomic, welfare, and refugee- specific indicators of the eight domains. 57 The cartographic map (frame) was prepared in 2018 for the upcoming Population and Housing Census. 58 See Annex C for sample size estimation. Annexes 94 Sample size estimation (a) First Stage Sampling In the first stage sampling, each domain is considered an explicit sampling domain. We used the list of all EAs as a sampling frame and their estimated population as a Measure of Size (MoS). A sample is selected with Probability Proportional to Size (PPS). The sample size is evaluated regarding the expected precision of the key indicator for the SESRE, the national household survey to measure poverty as the percentage is 0.235 (2016 Household Consumption and Expenditure). In the calculation, values for the measuring poverty rate (P) and design factor (deft) 1.5, the expected Relative Standard Error (RSE) of 4.63%, and finally, an adjusted Response Rate of 99% at a 95% Confidence level used to represent the expected precision is acceptable at the domain level. To

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Input: In 2008, trained enumerators conducted face-to-face interviews in local languages with 26, 513 respondents across 19 countries. 5 The sample is designed as a representative cross-section of all citizens of voting age in a given country. The dataset used for this paper has a multilevel structure; individuals are nested within primary sampling units (PSUs), which are nested within countries. The PSUs are the smallest, well-deﬁned geographic units for which reliable population data are available and they tend to be socially homoge- nous, thereby producing highly clustered data. In most countries, these will be Census Enumeration Areas (Afrobarometer, 2005, 37-38). Although re- spondents were not sampled based on their ethnic aﬃliation, there is likely to be a high level of clustering in the dataset around ethnicity. In other work, I discuss the advantages of multilevel modeling (Levi and Sacks, 2009). Treating the dependent variable as a binary outcome and taking into account the multilevel nature of our data, I estimate random intercepts for 5I excluded Zimbabwe from the analysis because of missing data on key variables. 9 Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: A recent global hazard analysis generated a comprehensive database of hazard events during 1975- 2007 from observed data and of event probabilities from geo-physical models (ISDR 2009). We combined this hazard information with city-specific population projections 2 It should be noted that well-documented evidence for such externalities is quite scarce. Their importance is usually taken as given: “ A building collapse may create externalities in the form of economic dislocations and other social costs in addition to the economic loss suffered by the owner. The owners may not have taken these consequences into account when evaluating specific mitigation measures. Consider the following example. A building toppling off its foundation after an earthquake could break a pipeline and cause a major fire, which would damage other homes that had not been affected by the earthquake in the first place. “ Kuenreuther and Roth (1998). See also www. quakesmart. org / index. php? option = com_content & view = article & id = 92 & Itemid = 209. But some experiences have been documented: “ As shown by research on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, including that conducted by the Architectural Institute of Japan, Architectural Institute of Japan (1997), houses with inferior earthquake-resistant quality triggered large negative externalities in the neighborhood. For example, broken fragile houses blocked transportation networks, thereby preventing effective fire fighting and, by severing lifelines, they made recovery more difficult. ” (Nakagawaa et al. 2007).

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Input: and refugees. 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Addis Ababa All Hosts Figure 7.10: Host attitudes Index Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: This index is an average of ten questions regarding beliefs about refugees’ character, the rights they should receive, and their impact on the host community. The scale ranges from 1-4, where more positive indicates better attitudes. 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Addis Ababa All Hosts Figure 7.11: Host attitudes index by gender Markets and Opportunities 68 framework. This is presented in Annex D, Table D.18. While attitudes are less positive for men, as we have seen, this difference is not statistically significant after controlling for age and education. There is no clear pattern in attitudes by age and education. Based on regression analysis, the most significant predictor of positive host attitudes and trust is whether they think the presence of refugees has improved local infrastructure or services. This hints at the importance of local service delivery in driving host attitudes. On average, controlling for other characteristics and regions, hosts

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Input:
We test the two parts of the redistribution hypothesis using the most recent data from Luxembourg Income Study for 20 OECD countries covering the period 1967-2005 (total number of country/years is 110).

_Economy_ (Milanovic, 2000) and which for the first time used household level data derived from household income surveys to test the hypothesis, and in the process

individual national identification", which he argues, based on World Values Survey data, to be stronger among the poor voters, and which reduces their propensity to vote for

seemingly depending on author's preferences, availability of the data (OECD provides the 90-10, 90-50 and 50-10 gross wage ratios), or perhaps contingent on the formulation

is why, in their analysis of eight advanced economies, they use scores of "intended generosity" (developed by Scruggs, 2004) of the pension system, unemployment benefits, child benefits and social assistance.

Luxembourg Income Study
World Values Survey

household income surveys
gross wage ratios

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Input:
Existing research shows that due to the number of factors involved, no climatic or
environmental hazards inevitably result in migrations. Many authors note that even if
disasters become more frequent in the future, political efforts and measures of
protection will be able to lessen the need to emigrate provided that the necessary
financial means are made available. Even rising sea levels could be partially
counteracted by the erection of dykes or the filling in of threatened zones. The Stern
report is clear in this respect and states that "the exact number who will actually be
displaced or forced to migrate will depend on the level of investment, planning and
resources" (112), before estimating the cost of mitigation to be several billion dollars.

The overview we have carried out also shows that the very concept of climate or
environmental refugees, because of its connotations of urgency and unavoidability, is
to be handled with care. It actually evokes fantasies of uncontrollable waves of
migration that run the risk of stoking xenophobic reactions or serving as justification
for generalized policies of restriction for people seeking asylum.

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Input: Page 13 of 51 Figure 8: Temporary employment by gender. (Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys 4. 1. 2 Profile of Non-Standard Employment The next objective of this work is to investigate possible changes in the profile of non-standard employment, usually associated with lower productivity and greater vulnerability. The analysis of the employment profile was made based on access to social security benefits, education level, labor income and the task content performed by the workers. From the point of view of social security, we find that NSE shows a higher prevalence of informality compared with SE. For instance, the average prevalence of informality for our set of countries among NSE in the ending point of the study is 40 % while the prevalence among SE is 20 %. In this sense, a rise in the prevalence of NSE could be associated to a big set of workers without access to social security benefits. From a dynamic perspective, there is no a common trend across countries regarding the prevalence of informality among NSE workers (Figure 9). Indeed, several countries (Uruguay, Brazil, Chile, and Peru) registered a small decrease in the prevalence of informality among NSE but there is another set of countries for which the opposite is observed (Mexico, El Salvador, Bolivia and Argentina). Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input:
Page | 7

Priority 4 of the CBP and
Outreach strategy aims to
contribute to prevention of
violence through Community
safety action plans to reduce
violence in the community
community makes contributions to pay the salary of the Imam and may pool together funds to provide
support to persons living in poverty, vulnerable persons (i.e. widows, orphans, PWSN), and persons
seeking financial assistance for medical treatment or to pursue educational opportunities.
Positive Coping Mechanisms [Questions about how people cope with stress and what activities in the community help persons
overcome traumatic events].
For stress relief, males referenced different coping mechanisms such as: discussing their issues with
elders and/or religious scholars, engaging in prayer to seek help and guidance from their faith, and
gathering with their friends or relatives to discuss issues (peer counseling). Those who can afford it,
engage in sports, go to recreational spaces or restaurants with
friends, or gather in common places (Hujras) to play cards or
other games. Negative coping mechanisms reported by males
include domestic violence against women and children, or
“unusual religious activities” such as going beyond the required
number of prayers and excessive citation of the Qur’an.
Due to movement restrictions, females do not have the same
availability of stress relief opportunities outside the home. As a
result, females reported that to cope with stress they may isolate themselves in the home and cry, seek
medication, and talk to relatives to find support and solutions (peer counseling). Females also mentioned
that due to stress, a negative coping mechanism is emotional and physical abuse of children. The findings
reinforce previous PA findings and lend strong support for Community safety plans as a means to
empower the community to address the negative coping mechanisms.
Voluntary Repatriation [Questions about the decision making process of return to Afghanistan, how persons receive information on
return to Afghanistan and how return to Afghanistan has affected community dynamics].
The majority of community members report that they have relatives, friends or know of community
members that have returned to Afghanistan, for the following reasons3:

Police harassment in Pakistan

Uncertainty of POR card extension in Pakistan

Poverty and lack of employment opportunities in Pakistan

Strict border crossing control between Pakistan and Afghanistan

Desire to join relatives and/or communities back in Afghanistan
Community members report they receive information on repatriation from4:

UNHCR/partner helplines

Print and electronic media

Contact with friends and relatives back in Afghanistan via phone and internet

Information from persons that have recently traveled to Pakistan from Afghanistan
As a result of return, the community reports a decrease in livelihoods5 opportunities and increased
exposure to security issues as community numbers reduce and government authorities actively support
returns. Furthermore, loneliness and sadness due to friends and family departing Pakistan is reported as a
negative impact as well as decreased educational opportunities for children due to teachers returning.

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Input: 8 permits and subsequently for the right to work. In practice, this is a long and cumbersome process and by late 2015 at most several thousand had been issued. 14 The economic impact of Syrian refugees in Turkey extends beyond changes in the potential labor supply of informal workers in important ways. There has been extensive humanitarian aid provided to the refugees, overwhelmingly by the Turkish government. Reportedly, by early 2015 the Turkish state had spent $ 6 billion (with total outside contributions $ 300 million). 15 Much of these funds have been spent on food, various services, non-food items such as medicines, clothing, shelter, and housing-related goods. In particular, there are 20 accommodation centers (camps) in 10 cities in Turkey. 2. 2 Data Sources We use the Turkish Household Labor Force Survey (LFS) micro-level data sets compiled and published by the Turkish Statistical Institute. The data contains a rich set of labor market variables along with individual-level characteristics and the region of residence. We primarily rely on two years of LFS data: 2011 (just before the arrival of the refugees) and 2014 (the last year available). 16 By design the LFS does not contain any information on Syrian refugees. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: This paper ’ s scope of analysis includes the country as a whole using a nationally representative survey. While regional case studies may reveal salient stresses on public services and job displacement, nationally, there is no significant impact. Over the period of 2009 to 2013, the poverty rates of host community households have stayed relatively stable near the Syrian border; despite the high poverty rates experienced among the recent migrants. By country of origin, the displacement of Syrians is one of the largest in recent history. As a result of the civil war that began in 2011, Syrians started to leave their homes and look for safety in neighboring countries across the region. By November 2015, about 4. 3 million Syrians were seeking refuge in primarily Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, and the Arab Republic of Egypt. 3 The only other time in the last half century that the world experienced a larger group of refugees from a single country is the case of Afghan refugees during the 1980s to 1990s. Refugee displacements of this size are rare. Consequently, they are not well studied and their impacts are not well understood. Moreover, the case of Afghan refugees in Pakistan is different, since they were stigmatized to a larger extent, which limited their movement in Pakistan. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input:
NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC. World Bank, 2018. Somalia drought impact and needs assessment: synthesis report (English). World Bank Group, Washington, D.C.

I consider 10 years of daily data for US Treasury zero rates (provided by Bloomberg):

In addition to the return matrix, some model versions presented here augment the returns data with cross-sectional data. These models are referred to in this document as 'mixed' models. The basic data used in these cases are presented in table 3.

**Keywords:** CO2 emissions, OCO-2, Urban pollution, Emissions tracking

High-resolution observations of atmospheric GHG concentrations are now available from several platforms, including NASA's OCO-2 and OCO-3 instruments, the European Space Agency's METOP-A and TROPOMI (Sentinel-5P) platforms, China's TANSAT and the Japan Space Exploration Agency's GOSAT and GOSAT-2.

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Input: As expected the positive correlation between refugee flows and 2011 school attendance rates is significant at the one percent significance level (controlling for the gender, age and education composition of a subregion the point estimate is- 0. 17). Even once we instrument for refugee flows the correlation remains significant at the one percent significance level (a point estimate of- 0. 30). However, once we control for the log distance for the Syria border there is no longer a statistically significant relationship, in either the OLS or IV, between school attendance rates in 2011 and subsequent refugee flows. This suggests that, on account of the inclusion of our distance from the border control, we can rule out the 2012 education reform confounding our estimates. 5. 3 Robustness to Varying Sample of Turkish NUTS 2 Subregions Throughout this paper we use all 26 NUTS 2 subregions of Turkey for identification. However, the results are robust to varying the particular sample of subregions. We report results for two alternative samples. First, we drop the Gaziantep subregion from the estimation. Gaziantep has the highest refugee to population ratio among all regions and reportedly towns with a refugee share of over 30 percent. The inclusion of Gaziantep may skew results if there are any non-linearities in the impact of refugees. Second, we follow Ceritoglu et al. (2015) in only considering nine subregions of Turkey. These are the five Syrian border regions of southeastern Anatolia (Hatay, Gaziantep, Sanliurfa, Mardin, and

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Input: 3 quest for imaginative and convincing instruments for migration (see the review of the migration and poverty literature by McKenzie and Sasin, 2007, and the references therein). An additional hurdle is the need for panel data to study migration and economic mobility. The costs and difficulties in re-surveying migrants mean that attrition may be relatively high for this group and may also result in the loss of some of the most relevant households to study this process (Beegle, 2000; Rosenzweig, 2003). This paper uses unique data from a region in Tanzania to address this key question: What is the impact of physical movement out of the original community on poverty and wealth? Although we do not have experimental data, the nature of our data allows us to limit the potential sources of unobserved heterogeneity considerably. Building on a detailed panel survey conducted in the early 1990s, we re- interviewed individuals in 2004, making a notable effort to track individuals who had moved. The tracking of individuals to new locations proves crucially important for assessing welfare changes among the baseline sample. The average consumption change of individuals who migrated was more than four times higher than that of individuals who did not moved. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: However, permit-holding status is neither sufficient for, nor necessary to, working in Israel. As of 2019Q4, just under a fifth of West Bank residents had the right to work in Israel and the occupied territories, but almost a quarter among them were not commuting across the border for work. The vast majority of such individuals are holders of Israeli or Jerusalem IDs. Conversely, among those who do commute to Israel and occupied territories, 17 % do not hold valid permits or IDs. Likewise, permit-holding status does not logically affect the formality status of the commuter. The frequent border crossings between the West 2This is derived from authors ’ own calculations using the 2016 Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey. 3It is worth noting that the LFS is representative of the residents of the West Bank and Gaza, whose work may not lie in the country. 6 Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: Having returned (early) to Northern Mali did not always lead to a stable condition either: the transition probabilities from returnee to IDP or to refugee are 1. 1 % and 0. 2 % respectively. As we can see from Figure 1, the majority of the sample is Songhai and Kel Tamasheq (almost everybody identified themselves as Muslim). There are clear differences in migration decisions between ethnic groups. The reaction of most of Arab and Kel Tamasheq origin was to leave the country, while most Songhai people preferred to go south, to Bamako, or, by the time of our survey, had already returned to Northern Mali. In fact, as pointed out in (Etang-Ndip et al., 2015), IDPs and returnees have a similar ethnic composition because 94 % of returnees in our sample were IDPs. Far fewer returnees in the sampled cities of Gao, Tombouctou and Kidal returned from refugee camps in the neighboring countries for the simple reason that most refugees used to live in towns and villages outside the regional capitals of Northern Mali. Displaced Refugee Returnee Total Tamasheq Arab Songhai Peulh Bella Other Analytic weights used Source: LDPS 2014-15 Figure 1: Ethnic composition Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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