Input:
Next, we evaluate firm level data on ownership to get a better understanding of what foreigners

2Aitken and Harrison (1999) argue a similar point. Using plant level data on productivity in Venezuela, they find

hypotheses testing. Data on mergers and acquisitions in Korea are from Securities Data Corporation

from Securities Data Corporation (2000) or have a foreign ownership share exceeding 25 percent.

Handbook of Listed Companies, Daewoo Securities (1998 and 1999). In cases where the World

plant level data on productivity in Venezuela

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Input: displaced children and adolescents residing in host communities, rather than in refugee camps. Particularly, VenRePs-Kids collects data on 2, 556 households including 1, 338 Colombian and 918 Venezuelan households, respectively. The study collects rich and comprehensive data on children ’ s and adolescent ’ s development including anthropometric measures, vo- cabulary ability tests, and socio-emotional and mental health assessments. It also collects data on risk behaviors, time use, social integration measures, prosocial behaviors, and parents and caregivers sociodemographics, among other dimensions. 2 The study includes Colombian children and adolescents as the comparison group to high- light the developmental differences of Venezuelan forcibly displaced children. This choice stems from the fact that comparing Venezuelan children in Colombia with their counter- parts remaining in Venezuela is impractical due to the latter ’ s exposure to a severe eco- nomic and humanitarian crisis, marked by limited access to services and food. This envi- ronment severely hampers their potential for normal human development. Additionally, many Venezuelan children and adolescents have spent more of their lives in Colombia than in Venezuela. Therefore, Colombian children and adolescents serve as the most ap- propriate benchmark for assessing the developmental gaps of their Venezuelan peers. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: UNHCR regularly publishes statistical reports, including “ Global Trends ”, “ Mid-Year Trends ”, “ Asylum Trends ” and “ Statistical Yearbook ”. Additionally, UNHCR hosts interagency information sharing portals for significant emergencies. 87 These portals provide data on populations of concern at regional and country levels, including time series data, demographics, location and accommodation information. 88 Eurostat compiles and publishes data on asylum (applications and decisions) and managed migration in European Union member countries. Countries and national and international NGOs also publish these statistics, based on sources of various completeness, quality and timeliness (UNSD 2014). There are sometimes substantial inconsistencies between the numbers published by different organizations for the same country, including high-income countries with good statistical systems, usually due to differences in definitions, times and statistical methods, including the mixing of data on flows and stocks (UNSD 2014). There are several challenges associated with the compilation of data on asylum-seekers and refugees. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: In all speciﬁcations, conﬂict incidence correlates nega- tively with country-level economic performance. The estimated coeﬃcients of conﬂict incidence are statistically signiﬁcant and negative. We also ﬁnd that the coeﬃcients 7For a discussion see Henderson et al. (2012). In order to calculate light per capita we use popu- lation data that is provided by a World Bank dataset. 8The standard reference here is Miguel et al. (2004). Ciccone (2011) shows that high rainfall levels three years earlier seem to be best predictors of conﬂict in the reduced form. Miguel and Satyanath (2011) argue that lagged negative growth shocks are a predictor of conﬂict onset. In any case, there is no evidence from this literature that contemporaneous growth declines cause conﬂict. Bazzi and Blattman (2014) corroborate the view that the relationship between income shocks and conﬂict is not straightforward. They do not ﬁnd evidence of an eﬀect of price shocks on conﬂict onset and only weak evidence on incidence. 9Results from this are presented in the Appendix. 10We take the threshold from Mueller (2016) who shows that a threshold like this leads to a similar number of coded civil wars as the threshold of 1000 battle-related deaths often used in the conﬂict literature. In the context here, this is a conservative approach as it is not the threshold which yields the biggest diﬀerence between conﬂict and non-conﬂict countries. 10 Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: Maps of soil salinity and waterlogging risk were produced by the national agricultural research institute using a combination of soil profile data from the national soil database and satellite-derived vegetation stress indicators. These maps were reviewed during site selection to identify agricultural plots within the project area that were unsuitable for the proposed irrigation investments due to soil degradation risks. Maps were updated with ground-truth observations collected by agronomists during field missions conducted in January and February.

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Input: 1 Introduction Company owners and managers make two decisions with important implications in the labor market: what skills are demanded and who to hire. On the demanded skills, a driver of trends in employment is the changing demand for soft skills (Heckman and Kautz (2012), Weidmann and Deming (2021)). However, we know relatively little about what kinds of soft skills employers value in modern entry- level jobs (Heller and Kessler, 2022). On the decision of who to hire, it is in the best interest of companies to hire based on workers productivity. However, several studies have documented the existence of labor market discrimination in a wide range of contexts (Bertrand and Duflo (2017), Neumark (2018)) and it remains unclear how discrimination operates throughout the hiring process and how the existent empirical evidence on discrimination is linked to economic theory (Bertrand and Duflo, 2017). We conducted a correspondence study in 2023 using a large online job platform to assess demand for soft skills in the context of hiring discrimination in Malaysia. Malaysia is a particularly interesting setting because it is an upper-middle-income economy, home to multiple ethnicities representing large shares of the population, and previously documented gender gaps in labor force participation and wages.

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Input: 12 crop products (e. g., wheat, potatoes) and the value of five livestock products (i. e., milk, egg, butter, hides, and honey) sold in the market. 14 Several other data sources were utilized. First, the Ethiopian refugee camps location data set from the Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX) 15 and the total number of refugees by camps from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Addis Ababa office. We use data from 26 official UNCHR refugee camps in Ethiopia that were operational in 2018 (see Figure 1; 3). Second, we use administrative data sets for Ethiopia and refugee source countries from the database of Global Administrative Areas (GADM). 16 We also use the conflict data set from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) 17 and the population data from the Gridded Population of the World (GPW) data set. 18 On the basis of these data sets and the location of sample households from Ethiopia DRDIP data set, we generated the following variables: i) distance of sample households to the nearest refugee camp, the nearest region (administration level 1 in GADM) to the refugee camps, ii) distance of the refugee camps to the nearest border of the refugee source country, iii) Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

Gridded Population of the World (GPW) data set

Ethiopian refugee camps location data set

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Input: Figure 17: Peace and Foreign Inﬂow Across Cut-oﬀs and Data Sources The basic results are in Table 8 which shows results for equation (9) using the threshold of 0. 008 battle-related deaths per 1000 population. According to this the investment from OECD countries was almost 70 percent larger in peacetime than during conﬂict. The ﬂows from other data sources shows an increase of between 35 and 50 percent. The consistency of this result across very diﬀerent datasets is striking. Note also that the average change in inﬂows implied by these rates is very large. In 2012, average inﬂows in the World Bank dataset were over 9. 5 billion USD and over 3 billion USD in the OECD data. Our estimates therefore imply a gain of between 2 billion and 4 billion USD in yearly inﬂows for countries which emerge from conﬂict. In order to understand the dynamics of recovery it is useful to understand the dynamics of this change around the end of conﬂict. For this purpose we add a set of dummies to the equation above. We construct a dummy that indicates the start of recovery and add three forward and lag dummies to trace average investment around this date. As before we always lag the explanatory variables by one year. Results for the OECD data are shown in Figure 18. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input:
fact that they are time consuming and therefore expensive to collect. At least three other less resource
intensive alternatives to the FAO approach have been suggested to derive hunger numbers:

anthropometric data, self-assessments, and direct use of HCES.

quicker and cheaper to collect than full HCES efforts. However, how well they correlate with other

The third approach, and the one that we concentrate on here, is to use HCES to derive hunger statistics

HCES are positioned between the single subjective hunger question and the intensive 24-hour recall.

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Input: of Stunting among under-five Children in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Mixed-effects Analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey Data. In BMC Pediatrics 19 (1). BioMed Central Ltd. .org/10.1186/s12887-019-1545-0 Ginn, T., Resstack, R., Dempster, H., Arnold-Femandez, E., Miller, S., Guerrero, M., and Kanyamanza, B. (2022). 2022 Global Refugee Work Rights Report. Center for Global Development, Refugees International, and Asylum Access. Ginn, T. (2023). Labor Market Access and Outcomes for Refugees. World Bank – UNHCR Joint Data Center. Quarterly Digest on Forced Displacement, Seventh Issue. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. Giordano, N., Ercolano, F., and Makhoul, M. (2021). Skills and Labour Market Transitions for Refugees and Host Communities: Case Studies and Country Practices on Including Refugees in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) and Employment. UNHCR Gobillon, L. and Selod, H. (2014). Spatial Mismatch, Poverty, and Vulnerable Populations. In: Fischer, M.M., Nijkamp, P. (eds) Handbook of Regional Science. Springer, pp.93-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23430-9 Hagos, S. Z. (2021). Refugees and Local Power Dynamics: The Case of The Gambella Region of Ethiopia. Hahn, E., Richter, D., Schupp, J., and Back, M. D. (2019). Predictors of Refugee Adjustment: The Importance of Cognitive Skills and Personality. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1), 23. Hainmueller, J., and Hopkins, D. J. (2014).

2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey Data

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Input: of difficulty, ranging from those suitable for children as young as 2 and a half years old to more complex items for individuals over 18 years old. 19 The Peabody Vocabulary Test is calibrated with a mean standard score of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, placing scores between 85 and 115 within the average range. This test, in its Spanish edition, has been validated for use in Colombia. Additionally, to ensure relevance and accuracy for Venezuelan nationals, we conducted a preliminary validation by administering the test to a sample of Venezuelan mothers in our study. This step confirmed that the words used in the test held consistent meanings for participants from Venezuela. Figure B. 1 depicts the distribution of PVTS scores for Venezuelan and Colombian chil- dren and adolescents in our sample. This visualization indicates that Venezuelan minors consistently score lower on the PVTS compared to their Colombian peers across the en- tire score distribution. In Table 6, we present the average disparities in percentile rank on the Peabody scale, revealing that Venezuelan children and adolescents, who are forcibly displaced, score approximately 12 p. p. lower than their Colombian counterparts. The difference is meaningful and in turn translated into Venezuelan minors falling into the a higher likelihood of having extremely low, moderately low, and low score categories. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: The 2023 survey of transport infrastructure conditions found that 68 percent of rural access roads in the project's five target provinces were in poor or very poor condition, with pavement failure attributed primarily to inadequate drainage maintenance and axle-load violations by commercial freight vehicles. The 2023 survey was administered by provincial public works directorates and compiled by the national road authority using standardized pavement condition index scoring. Results were shared with the Ministry of Finance to support the project's economic justification.

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Input: natural log of a country ’ s population size and government consumption as a share of GDP; the latter is the most widespread measure of government size (Adsera and Boix, 2002; Alesina and Wacziarg, 1998; Rodrik, 1998). Tax compliance is also related to the government ’ s ability to eﬀectively detect and punish tax avoiders, tax evaders, and tax arrears. Although an imperfect measure of states ’ deterrent capacity, Afrobarometer includes two survey questions on perceptions of government enforcement and monitoring capacities. One question probes respondents on how often ordinary people who break the law go unpunished. The other probes respondents on how often oﬃcials who commit crimes go unpunished. This latter question is also a measure of perceived government fairness- the extent to which a government implements the law evenly across all social groups. 6. 2. 5 Procedural Justice I include two indicators of procedural justice. The ﬁrst probes respondents on how often people are treated unequally under the law. The next taps citizens ’ perceptions of the government ’ s treatment of their ethnic group. Speciﬁcally, respondents were asked how often their ethnic group is treated unfairly by their government. 9 6. 2. 6 Donor and Non-State Actor Provision of Services I include a measure of who citizens believe is responsible for collecting income taxes.

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Input:
the ENILEMS-ENLACE panel. The first panel is formed by a cohort of students' test

panel merges a special module of the Mexican labor survey, _Encuesta Nacional de Empleo_

_y_ _Ocupaciones_, ENOE, applied to individuals aged 18, 19 and 20 years during the third

quarter of 2010, with students that sat for the ENLACE test in Grade 12 in 2008, 2009,

ENILEMS-ENLACE panel
Encuesta Nacional de Empleo
ENOE

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Input: Most papers with few exceptions use standard OLS estimators or some of its variants (Table 2). Two papers use general equilibrium models (Bodvarsson, Van den Berg, and Lewer 2008; Hercowitz and Yashiv 2002) and two papers simply compare means between treated and non-treated groups resulting in simple difference estimations (Card, 1990 and Alix-Garcia and Bartlett, 2015). [Table 2] The unit of observation varies depending on the data at hand. Most studies rely on household survey data where individuals or households are the unit of observations and most studies include some regional dimension (more frequently administrative areas). Where longitudinal or panel data are available time is also included. Other choices for unit of observations include skills or education level, various types of population groups (based on gender, age etc.), and, in a few cases, economic sectors, industry or labor market segments. The use of fixed effects varies. Some papers use the full set of parameters depicting units of observation (for example, household, region and time fixed effects in equations where the unit of observation is constructed using household, region and time). Other papers use subsets of these parameters whereas other papers introduce variables that are not used to identify the unit of observation.

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Input: Figure 5: Significant Historical Crises as a Share of Total Forced Displaced 1991 – 2015 Source: UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database, UNHCR Global Trends 2015 Note: Includes IDPs protected or assisted by UNHCR, asylum-seekers and refugees. Excludes IDPs not protected or assisted by UNHCR and Palestinian refugees under UNRWA ’ s mandate. Figure 6: Top 15 Countries of Origin end-2015 Source: IDMC Global Report on Internal Displacement 2016, UNHCR Global Trends 2015, UNRWA A small number of countries carry the burden of hosting the majority of refugees. Historically since 1991, 15 asylum countries, overwhelmingly in the developing world, have hosted more than 50 percent of refugees and asylum-seekers (see Figure 7). 44 By the end of 2015, while almost all countries in the world were hosting refugees, the burden was unevenly shared (see Figure 8). Only seven countries hosted more 44 Major host countries are identified based on the cumulative number of refugees and asylum-seekers over the period 1991-2015. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database

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Input: NGOs. Initiatives such as JIPS, a collaborative project of UN and NGO actors, have also been established to support governments and operational organizations to design and implement data collection processes. There are a variety of data sources for generating statistics on forced displacement, each of which has strengths and weaknesses. Despite the significant challenges, large amounts of data are collected and disseminated every year. The main data sources and methods for the generation of statistics on forcibly displaced populations include: (a) registration of refugees and asylum-seekers; (b) registration of IDPs; (c) profiling of IDPs; (d) population movement tracking systems; (e) national population censuses; (f) sample surveys; (g) border crossings; (h) administrative records and registers; (i) general population registers; and (j) a variety of estimation methods for producing statistics when adequate and reliable data on individuals are unavailable (UNSD 2014). Several of these data sources might be used together to triangulate estimates of stocks and flows for a particular displacement situation.

general population registers
sample surveys

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Input: 17 Figure 10: Children aged 7-12 attending school (%) Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014 and 2015. 5. Challenges Faced by Returnees The results suggest that returnees were less affected by the crisis than IDPs and refugees. This is reflected in data on asset and livestock ownership, but also in the information pertaining to exposure to violence. Returnees reported fewer victims; fewer returnees reported to have lost income as a consequence of the crisis; more of their children were able to continue schooling; and relative to IDPs and refugees, fewer perceived being poorer in June 2014 than before the crisis. Returnees are also the group that feels most secure, that has high levels of trust in the Malian army and police and that has a positive attitude towards most government policies. 88 88 97 79 76 78 99 88 92 55 74 72 91 98 92 96 100 85 90 91 96 90 86 87 87 95 89 76 75 90 94 92 97 86 73 98 Bamako Gao Timbuktu Kidal Niger Mauritania IDPs Returnees Refugees 14-Aug 14-Oct 14-Nov 14-Dec 15-Jan 15-Feb

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Input: The countries that are the largest source of refugees include: Afghanistan, Syria, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Iraq, Myanmar, and Eritrea (UNHCR, 2017). These countries account for the vast majority of refugees worldwide. We will also consider three countries in Europe that are an important source of asylum seekers in Europe, and whose recognition rate is low, and account for many returnees – these are Kosovo, Serbia and Albania. Is return possible and safe, and if so, does the economic situation bode well to provide essentials, namely a job, housing, education and reliable public services? It is helpful to identify three groups of countries: ones that are still mired in war and / or high ‐ intensity civil conflicts, countries where medium ‐ intensity conflict persist and are already in the process of rebuilding, and countries which are not in conflict. According to the Armed Conflict Survey (IISS 2017), high ‐ intensity conflict is defined by frequent (daily) armed clashes between governments, government forces and insurgents, or among non ‐ state armed groups that control territory. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input:
Furthermore, the Ministry of Education continues to collect data on refugee and asylum-seekers students for the
education management information system. The same applies with the Ministry of Health; data on refugee and
asylum-seekers are included in the national health information system. The government is working on releasing
breakdowns of pupils by legal status (nationals and refugees). Additionally, the Government continues to work
to include refugees in the national civil registry database. However, the technical and financial prerequisites
for this are not yet in place. Furthermore, UNHCR has long been advocating for refugees and asylum-seekers
to be included in the future national population and household census, and there is now apparent agreement
from the government on this principle.

national population and household census

education management information system
national health information system
national civil registry database

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Input: Percent <15 15 to 24 25 to 44 45 to 64 >=65 Addis refugees Addis hosts Figure 2.4: Age structure Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 49% 48% 45% 45% 47% 47% 51% 52% 55% 55% 53% 53% 0 20 40 60 80 Percent 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total Male Female Figure 2.5: Gender composition Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 22% 27% 36% 60% 30% 33% 66% 55% 54% 28% 59% 50% 12% 18% 9% 12% 11% 17% 0 20 40 60 80 Percent 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total Never Married Married Other Figure 2.6: Marital status (18 years and above) Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Table 2.1: Household characteristics In camp Addis Ababa Total Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Household size 5.2 6.2 3.5 2.7 4.2 5.4 Dependency ratio 1.1 1.5 0.5 0.4 0.7 1.3 Female-headed 44% 73% 45% 58% 44% 69% Head’s age 42.3 39.6 42.0 30.9 42.1 37.6 Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Sociodemographic Profile 12 2.2 Education Integrating refugee children into educational programs soon after arrival14 avoids the loss of

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Input: Specifically, a 1 percent increase of the refugees ’ presence5 leads to a 2. 7 and 15. 9 percent increase in the diversification of livelihood activities as a secondary occupation and value of livestock product sale, respectively. It should be noted that this analysis is taking place during a period where refugees in Ethiopia were prohibited by law from seeking work outside designated camps. This has changed after 2019 because of the revised Ethiopian Refugee Law. These effects tend to be heterogeneous across regions and to a limited extent, vary depending on the gender of the household head. The negative effects tend to be concentrated in Gambella, a region that hosts most of the refugee population in Ethiopia and where the refugee population is as large as the population of the region. Overall, compared to women-headed households, households with a male head seem to benefit through increased diversification of activities as a secondary 4 Region refers to the administration level 1 from the Database of Global Administrative Areas (GADM). The nearest region to the refugee camp is identified as the one that has the shortest straight distance to the refugee camp among all neighboring regions in the major refugee source countries. 5 As explained above, refugee presence is the number of refugees (population) in the nearest refugee camp to the household location weighted by the household ’ s inverted distance to the camp. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input:
For example, the baseline year for children sampled in the 2007 DHS will be the year 2000.

We do not  have any particular expectations regarding the relationship between DHS years and the likelihood of  enrollment (Year [2011], Year [2014]).

[14] Clusters from  DHS 2000 were geomatched with DHS 2007 to estimate the exposure to unimproved sanitation when children in the 2007 sample were 1 or 2 years old.

Our data set is a pseudo-panel with children ages 6-9 sampled from three cohort pairs of  independent repeated cross-sections of DHS 2000-07, 2004-11, and 2007-14, following Deaton (1985),  Magadi (2016), and Ncube and Shimeles (2012), respectively.

We matched the children within each DHS year, using the Stata user-written program _cem_ introduced in Blackwell et al.

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Input: 3 quest for imaginative and convincing instruments for migration (see the review of the migration and poverty literature by McKenzie and Sasin, 2007, and the references therein). An additional hurdle is the need for panel data to study migration and economic mobility. The costs and difficulties in re-surveying migrants mean that attrition may be relatively high for this group and may also result in the loss of some of the most relevant households to study this process (Beegle, 2000; Rosenzweig, 2003). This paper uses unique data from a region in Tanzania to address this key question: What is the impact of physical movement out of the original community on poverty and wealth? Although we do not have experimental data, the nature of our data allows us to limit the potential sources of unobserved heterogeneity considerably. Building on a detailed panel survey conducted in the early 1990s, we re- interviewed individuals in 2004, making a notable effort to track individuals who had moved. The tracking of individuals to new locations proves crucially important for assessing welfare changes among the baseline sample. The average consumption change of individuals who migrated was more than four times higher than that of individuals who did not moved. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input:
PREPAREDNESS
EMERGENCY
TRANSITION
LONG-TERM INCLUSION
OTHER ACTIVITIES (PUBLIC HEALTH, NUTRITION, FOOD SECURITY)
Review national health plans and policies
and advocate that activities for refugees
are included and equitably provided as
nationals.
Measles, polio vaccination on arrival and vitamin A
supplementation.
Expand vaccination to national immunization schedule (EPI) and supplementary immunization activities (SIA).
Additional support for vaccines and human resources may be needed and may be sought as per the GAVI, Fragility,
Emergencies, and Refugees Policy.
UNICEF may support cold chain capacity, training of health workers and vaccine related activities
As above
Essential primary health care.
Integrated primary health services.
Gradually integrate refugees into national health services, support services if need be with human resources for
health, medications, medical supplies and equipment.
Engage other UN agencies (UNICEF, UNFPA and WHO) to support efforts to include refugees in national program/
systems.
If refugee standalone facilities, aim for accreditation and inclusion in national system.
Engage supervision from Ministry of Health especially for malaria, TB, HIV, nutrition, reproductive health and
immunization.
Use national clinical management protocols.
International (and in exceptional situations, local) procurement of medicines in line with UNHCR policy. Review of
and support to MoH procurement protocols/systems and integrate where applicable (context-specific and based on
quality assurance assessment).
8
PUBLIC HEALTH AND NUTRITION

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
Martin et al. (2018) propose a measure of business relationships' stickiness based on the duration of firm-to-firm trade and use firm level data in France to measure a "stickiness" index for more than 4,000 HS6 products.

We use data consolidated banking statistics from the Bank for International Settlement to construct an index of financial proximity. [12] We use the total bilateral cross-border claims (including bank and non-bank sectors for all maturities)

**Foreign** **Direct** **Investments.** Data from the UNCTAD's Bilateral FDI Statistics provides up-to-date and systematic FDI data for 206 economies around the world, covering inflows, outflows, inward stock and outward stock by region and economy.

an index of " _proximity_ _in_ _sectoral_ _composition_ " based on the World Development Indicators. We use the share in value added of main sectors: service and agricultural sectors and we decompose manufacturing sectors into 7 main sub-sectors.

UNCTAD's Bilateral FDI Statistics
World Development Indicators

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: of the groups and the distances between them. For instance, (Bazzi et al., 2019) shows that polariza- tion increases ethnic attachment. Others have highlighted the reduction in trust, either interpersonal trust or institutional trust Alesina and Ferrara (2002); Beugelsdijk and Klasing (2016). To assess the importance of alternative explanations, we first replicate our analysis using individual data on violence. In addition to participation in protests, we follow McGuirk and Burke (2020b) in using the Afrobarometer survey data on interpersonal crime and physical assault. We then assess the relationship between the revised refugee diversity indices and alternative individual outcomes such as ethnic vs. national identity, generalized trust, trust in neighbors, and institutional trust (trust in government). The questions from the Afrobarometer mentioned below are used as a proxy for these outcomes: 32 1 Attack: Over the past year, how often (if ever) have you or anyone in your family: Been physically attacked? 2 Crime: Over the past year, how often (if ever) have you or anyone in your family: Feared crime in your own home? 3 National identity: Let us suppose that you had to choose between being a [Ghanaian / Kenyan / etc.] and being a [respondent ’ s identity group].

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
##### **September/ October 2023 report**

###### Venezuela

**trafficking networks.** After bilateral

meeting between the Protection Cluster,

the WGTiP and the FSL Cluster, a focal

group was organized on October 10th.

A total of 7 participants from UN Agen
cies, AoRs, and local NGOs participated.

WG members actively participated by

sharing field experiences and proposing

recommendations to address challenges

raised during the discussion.

**VIII. Monthly Meetings of the**

**WGTiP**

**The WGTiP convenes monthly to**

**review its working plan and provide**

**a platform for members to discuss**

**trends and activities related to TiP. In**

**the last meeting, the WG collectively**

**decided to establish a Task Force to**

**draft a guide on security for orga-**

**nizations working with Victims of**

**Trafficking (VoT).** Additionally, members

have developed standardized training

and sensitization activities/workshops to

implement in communities on the topic of

TiP. These trainings will be beneficial to

other organizations addressing human

trafficking issues. In October’s monthly

meeting, the WG hosted the office of UN

Special Rapporteur for Trafficking in Per
sons. The meeting involved discussions

on potential collaboration with WG mem
bers and how the UN Rapporteur's office

can support advocacy efforts.

Member organizations also shared infor
mation on available services for victims

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Input: In households with more than two children, one child from each age group was chosen through a random selection process to participate, ensuring a broad representation of experiences within the study ’ s scope. Sampling frame. We use the 2018 population census data as a sampling frame for the Colombian sample. It allowed the identification of residential blocks and households with children in the desired age range. With this source of information, it was possible to identify the number of households and residential blocks with children and adoles- 7Although Colombia only grants nationality to children of Colombian nationals, it follows a jus sanguini principle, the Colombian government has introduced reforms, such as the the program Primero la Ni ˜ nez to give Colombian nationality to children of Venezuelan parents born at times when diplomatic relations between Colombia and Venezuela were cut and hence, it was not possible to apply for a Venezuelan nation- ality for this minors in Colombia. 15 Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: Road data from the provincial transport authority's annual condition census were used to validate the project's prioritization model. The road data include pavement condition index scores, GPS coordinates of assessed segments, and traffic count estimates for 312 road links in the target area. Cross-checking the road data against community consultations confirmed that communities with the lowest road condition scores also reported the highest frequency of missed health facility appointments due to inaccessibility during the rainy season.

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Input: 26 education Turkish to a subregion. In sum, there is some evidence that the inflow of Syrian refugees results in a decrease in the number of Turkish living in a subregion. The evidence, however, is weak and the impact unlikely to be very large. 5. PLACEBO TESTS AND ROBUSTNESS CHECKS 5. 1 Placebo Tests The key threat to the validity of our instrument is that there are subregion specific economic trends that are correlated with the instrument, and not fully controlled for by the inclusion of the log distance of a Turkish subregion from the Syrian border. A priori this seems unlikely since the instrument is also based on travel distances, but we can test for the existence of such trends in a pre-period. Specifically, we run regressions that are analogous to those reported in Tables 5, 6 and 7 using data from the LFS 2009 and 2011. As a placebo test we pretend that the Syrian refugees had arrived between 2009 and 2011, rather than between 2011 and 2014, to see if the instrument is correlated with Turkish outcomes in this pre-period. Table 10a presents the results of our placebo tests. For the overall sample there is no statistically significant trend that is correlated with subsequent (instrumented) refugee flows in formal or informal employment, or in log wages. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: 17 Revealingly, in Betts et al. ’ s (2013) survey of refugees in Uganda, 96 % of all interviewed households in the capital and 70 % outside the capital said they owned and used a mobile phone. They use this mobile phone to communicate with customers and suppliers, to get market information and to transfer money. Half of the urban refugees and 11 % of rural refugees also have access to the Internet. 4. Refugees As a Burden? As pointed in Section 2, most refugees in SSA are hosted in neighboring countries. Most of these hosting countries are likely among the least developed countries. It has been argued that these refugees may constitute an additional burden in terms of economic development in hosting countries (Mabiso et al. 2014). UNHCR (2014: 17) implicitly recognizes that potential burden by suggesting that the ratio of the size of the country ’ s hosted refugee population to its average income level can provide a proxy measure of the burden of hosting refugees.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: 2017. • 890,825 refugees enrolled in the Level 3 Registration and Biometric Identity Management System (BIMS). Refugee ID cards and proof of registration are issued to 55 and 98 percent of refugees, respectively. Out-of-camp Permit is issued to 48,346 refugees. • One-stop shops have been established in 13 refugee camps (14 are under construction) to provide one-center registration, documentation, and protection services. Annexes 91 • The National Strategy on Violence Against Women and Children (2021 -2026) recognizes refugee women and children. Also, refugees are included in the national Gender Based Violence (GBV). • Digital Request and Compliant System (DRCS) is established and implemented as part of the digitization of refugee protection services. • Refugees are getting mobile courts and free legal aid services. Energy/Environment “Provide market-based sustainable, reliable, affordable, culturally acceptable, environmentally friendly clean/renewable energy solutions for 3 million people. • A National Cooking Fuel Strategy is developed by EEWG to guide and define camp-specific cooking energy options. • In Afar, Gambella, and Melkadida, more than 382,000 refugees and 85,000 hosts have access to alternative cooking fuels and market-based clean electricity from solar-mini grids. • More than 1,739,726 seedlings were planted, 160m3 check dams were built, and 8 km of

Level 3 Registration and Biometric Identity Management System

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Input:
Power shortage data are reported annually by distribution companies (DISCO) to NEPRA and are published in the DISCO Performance Evaluation Report. The latest evaluation report includes shortage data at the DISCO level from year 2010-2011 to year 2014-2015.

Source: DISCO Performance Evaluation Report 2014-2015 by NEPRA.
Notes: SAIFI is the average number of interruptions that a customer experiences in a year.
Specifically, SPAIFI is calculated as the total annual number of consumer supply
interruptions divided by the total number of consumers that the distribution company
serves in any a given year. For the purposes of illustration, the index has been
transformed using the inverse hyperbolic sine.

The second measure, the System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI), captures the outage duration (in minutes) that an average customer experiences in a year.

- (2016). Enterprise Surveys. Available http://www.enterprisesurveys.org,
Accessed June 10, 2017.

13

<!-- PAGE 16 -->
### **Figures**

**Figure 1 Power outages and their impact**

Source: World Bank Enterprise Survey for Pakistan (2013)

System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)

World Bank Enterprise Survey for Pakistan

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Input: In a mortality study in Iraq, Galway et al. (2012) used GIS and Google earth imagery for household sampling. The method used gridded population data for selection of clusters. The first cluster sampling stage of their study used the ‘ Create Spatially Balanced Points ’ (CSBP) function in the ArcGIS (v10) software. Boo et al. (2020) introduces a sampling design based on gridded population estimates as their sampling frame to implement a PPS design and derive sample size estimates for the number of grid cells. Assuming the grid square method is applied to the area itself rather than a selected PSU, the weights for the grid method are similar to those for segmentation, where the cells are the PSUs, but without the additional step of selecting segments. The weights can therefore be represented as 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 ′ = (𝑁𝑁𝑘𝑘) ൫𝑁𝑁𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘൯൫𝑁𝑁𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘൯ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 2. 4. North Method The “ Qibla method ” described in Himelein et al. (2017), or what is called in this paper the “ North method ” method, is an attempt to assign probability weights to random point selection methods. Several random point selection methods can be found in the literature, particularly in relation to epidemiological studies. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: The objective of the survey was to analyze perceptions and priorities with regard to the Peace Accord, to analyze perceptions of security, to determine access to basic infrastructure and school attendance, to understand nutrition levels, and to measure household asset ownership. In addition to this baseline survey, the World Bank was sponsoring a mobile phone survey among IDPs in Bamako, returnees in Gao, Kidal and Timbuktu town and refugees in camps in Niger and Mauritania. This survey interviewed 500 respondents on a monthly basis. In the August 2015 round of this survey, questions about perceptions and priorities with regard to the Peace Accord were included. This paper also makes use of a subset of the responses obtained from that survey, particularly those from refugees in Niger (n = 80) and Mauritania (n = 100) as these sub-populations who live outside Mali ’ s borders are important stakeholders in the peace process whose opinions risk being ignored. 15 To select a household in a village or neighborhood for the baseline survey, random selection was used: the enumerator divided the locality into two parts and selected five 15 For a more elaborate description of this mobile phone survey, see: Etang Ndip, A., J. Hoogeveen and J. Lendorfer (2016). Socioeconomic Impact of the Crisis in Mali on Displaced People. Journal of Refugee Studies. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
Firstly, the Hydrosheds variant of SRTM is used, both at 3 and 30 arc second resolutions. A number of additional corrections are applied to the terrain data including a systematic vegetation correction procedure in vegetated areas and an urban correction procedure in urbanized areas. A detailed description of the modeling framework is provided by (Sampson et al. 2015).

For this study, we developed flood hazard maps representing riverine, flash-flood and coastal flood risk for Vietnam. These flood hazard maps estimate the inundation depth at a grid cell level of 3 arc-seconds, (~ 90m) and provide coastal surge hazard layers, along with pluvial and fluvial layers. The maps provide information on the extent and depth of flood hazard for a specific location. For the coastal component, we explicitly model four return periods - 25, 50, 100, and 200 year events, under current and future climate conditions.

Data on natural capital is sourced from a World Bank dataset on national wealth. The dataset disaggregates the three components of national wealth-produced capital, intangible capital and natural capital-and it decomposes the natural wealth stock into renewable and nonrenewable resources.

The data on income inequality is sourced from the World Bank's "All-the-Ginis Database,"
which was last updated in 2014. [8] The database collects Gini indexes from multiple sources
into long time series. The data has been standardized for this analysis via the so-called
"choice-by-precedence approach," which reflects each dataset's reliability, degree of
variable standardization, and consistency of geographical coverage. GDP and population
figures have been collected from the United Nation's UNCTAD-STAT database. Table 2
presents the descriptive statistics for per capita GDP and the Gini index by country
income group. The Gini index peaks among the upper-middle-income group, falls among
the lower-middle-income and low-income groups and is lowest among the high-income
group. These data are consistent with the relationship between inequality and GDP
described by Kuznets (1955).

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Input: Overall, the results remain unchanged from those in table 4. A third concern is that the samples of males and females that are employed in the analysis may include adult siblings who belong to the same household. This could introduce intra- household serial correlation among these observations. Thus, as a robustness check, the sample is restricted to males and females who are household heads or their spouses, hence excluding adult 10. This results in excluding 381 “ movers ” among males and 371 “ movers ” among females, or roughly 9 percent of the original samples. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input:
daily changes in the amount of time spent at different places within a given geographic area. These data

capture daily percent changes from February 15 through July 15 relative to a baseline representing the

Figure 2 displays the Google Community Mobility data for both the entire country of Mali and

for Bamako specifically. Google aggregates locations into six types of places: Grocery and Pharmacy,

Finally, we use information from the COVID-19 phone panel survey, our third source of information used to investigate the intensity of pandemic-related disruptions within Mali.

as suggested by the Google Mobility Data, price effects could influence behavior on the intensive margin.

More research is needed to fully understand these dynamics.

Figure 4 shows self-reported estimates of the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on economic out

Google Community Mobility data
COVID-19 phone panel survey
Google Mobility Data

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Input: refugees, it is higher compared to their hosts. Moreover, refugees have higher access to improved waste disposal methods38 than hosts. Both refugee and host households have low access to electricity, except for hosts of Eritrean refugees. Hosts around Eritrean refugees have better access to electricity (meter private or shared) for lighting (74 percent). The use of solar energy is common among Eritrean refugees, with 78 percent of Eritrean refugee households get lighting from solar energy. Almost all South Sudanese refugee households have no access to electricity either from meter or solar sources. All refugees in Addis Ababa use electricity for lighting, similar to their hosts. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total Improved toilet facility Improved waste disposal method Percent Figure 2.23: Access to toilet facility and waste disposal Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total Electricity (meter) Electricity (meter, generator, solar) Percent Figure 2.24: Source of lighting Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis

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Input: This paper combines newly available data on the distribution of Syrian refugees across Turkey and the Turkish Labour Force Survey to assess their labor market impact. Syrian refugees are overwhelmingly employed informally, since they were not issued work permits, making their arrival a well-defined supply shock to informal labor. Consistent with economic theory our instrumental variable estimates, which also control for distance from the Turkish-Syrian border, suggest large-scale displacement of natives in the informal sector. At the same time, consistent with occupational upgrading, there are increases in formal employment for the Turkish- though only for men without completed high school education. Women and the high-skilled are not in a good position to take advantage of lower cost informal labor. The low educated and women experience net displacement from the labor market and, together with those in the informal sector, declining earning opportunities.

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Input: estimates, we also estimate the continuous time, semi-parametric Cox proportional hazard (Cox) model. The main advantage of the Cox model is that it allows us to estimate the relationship between the hazard rate and the determinants of refugee returns without having to make any assumptions about the shape of the baseline hazard function. A continuous time model might also be appropriate in this context, given that we have a long panel of 75 months. Using the same variable deﬁnition as in 3, we estimate h (t) = h0 (t) exp [β1chari + β2regi + β3foodsect + β4housingt + µl + δd + τt] (4) We restrict survival analysis to the Syrian refugees based in Jordan and Lebanon as their host country conditions are proxied by the geographical aggregates computed from the VAF and VASyr surveys. Despite this restriction, more than 85 percent of all refugees in our data set is included in the analysis. It is important to note that the conditions in the country of asylum may be the result of a refugee ’ s anticipated length of stay in the host country. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: We measure time-use through the number of hours in the previous day a respondent reports spending idle, as well as the amount of time spent on a variety of other common activities one might do in the camps (including bathing, market, chores, collection of rations, eating, child-rearing, sitting at tea stalls, praying, sleeping, visiting friends / relatives, playing games, playing sport, sitting idle). Finally, we ask respondents how much they consume, borrow and save over the past week. We further consider changes in perceptions on gender and power in two ways. First, we generate a Household Power Index, composed of a set of questions on perceptions of gendered decision-making and intimate partner violence. The questions are drawn from Haushofer and Shapiro (2016), which are themselves adapted from the Demographic Health Surveys. In addition, we produce a Work Rights Index, composed of questions around whether respondents feel that women should be allowed to work inside or outside the home or the camp block. Each outcome is described in greater detail in Appendix C. The frequency with which each outcome is collected is also presented in Appendix C. Multiple hypothesis testing We utilize two approaches to address the issue of multiple hypothesis testing. First, we present our primary outcome, psychosocial well-being, as an inverse-covariance weighted index variable following Anderson (2008). We also generate index variables for other outcomes in which this is possible, such as the cognitive index, the household power index, and the work rights index. Our second strategy is to report the sharpened False Discovery Rate (FDR) q-values for all outcomes within a particular table, which control for the expected proportion of rejections that are type I errors, likewise 12 Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: 1. Introduction Sub-Saharan Africa is the youngest region in the world, and the world ’ s fastest-growing. Between 2010 and 2025, the number of people between 15 and 24 will grow to 250 million – a net increase of nearly 50 percent. Over the next decade, roughly one million young people will enter the labor market each month in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, these young people often enter the labor market too early and unprepared. Although access to education is growing, illiteracy remains high and schooling low: among the 32 Sub-Saharan African countries in the Barro-Lee (2010) data set, nearly 40 percent of women aged 15 and above have received no education at all; and the most recent (2007-2011) statistics in the World Bank ’ s Edstats data reveal that female literacy is less than 60 percent, on average. 1 This lack of preparedness contributes to a growing problem of youth unemployment. Quantifying the level of unemployment is bedeviled by lack of data and measurement issues. Household and labor force surveys throughout Africa usually record unemployment rates of less than 10 percent, 2 but those figures belie the extent of underemployment and vulnerability. Those same surveys indicate that the vast majority of working adults have insecure work in the informal sector, on the family farm, or in less- productive or unremunerated labor.

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Input: 14 Data Analysis All analyses were conducted with Stata / SE 14. 0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX). A bivariate model was also used to examine the relationship between the main predictor (fatalities) and each outcome. For the final model, a multilevel approach was used to account for the nested structure of the data, with clustering of women within districts. Model Specification Multilevel logistic regression models were used to quantify the effect of district level conflict on the odds of IPV after sequentially adding blocks of independent variables as described in Table 2. The models included a random intercept for district, to account for the geographic clustering of the sample and systematic differences between districts that would not otherwise be captured in a simple logistic regression. This approach has been used in similar analysis in past research (Kelly et al, 2018; Kelly, 2019). Multilevel Model- Dichotomous Exposure: In the regression equation above, i indexes the district and j indexes the individual. 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is the indicator for whether a woman (j) in district (i) has reported experiencing violence in the last 12 months. β_0 + b0i defines the district level odds of a woman experiencing violence in district i given no conflict holding the individual-level covariates fixed. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: (0.0814) Distance to Zone city (Km) -0.0030* (0.0013) Market accessibility indicator 0.4056** (0.1381) Observations 2024 2024 2024 2024 2205 2024 Chi-square test 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 R2 0.1373 0.1373 0.1373 0.1373 0.1172 0.1373 Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Average marginal effects are estimated. a refers whether a household ran out of food in the last 12 months. b refers if most of the land is covered in the community by agriculture activities i.e., less built-up and shops. c refers recent (5 years) internal migrants from rural to urban centers. Distance to the nearest bank variable is excluded from proximity model II, as it is captured by effect of distance to the nearest zone city. The left side for years in exile, Head education level, HH size, most land cover, and proximity level is less than 15 years, Head with no education, non-working age members, most land cover by built-up and shops, and nearest to Zone capital city, respectively. All estimates are controlled for refugee camps. Standard errors in parentheses. +p<0.10, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 Variables Basic Model Local Market Proximity Market access Model I Model II Model I Model II Annexes 119

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Input: 26 Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014. 95 % of the refugees in Mauritania envision an independent or autonomous North and 26 % of the refugees in Mauritania even state the independence of Azawad (= the north) as a main condition for returning home. Stark differences can also be observed with regard to the discussion around a possible federalist solution for the North that was ongoing when the monthly phone interviews were conducted in October. As illustrated in the Figure 20 below, 80 % of the refugees in Mauritania support a federalist solution, while the majority of IDPs, returnees and refugees in Niger are not in favor. Of those who do not support a federalist solution (96 % of the IDPs, 88 % of the refugees in Niger and 95 % of the returnees), the majority of IDPs (61 %) and returnees (70 %) as well as 38 % of the refugees in Niger suggest decentralization as a possible solution to resolve the conflict. 13 % of the refugees in Niger also mention war and 27 % the integration of the North. Nonetheless, 49 % of IDPs, 86 % of returnees and 89 % of refugees believe a stable and sustainable peace accord can be achieved. by 4 % of the population living Timbuktu, 2 % in Gao and nobody in Kidal. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: ES.6: Host response to “Refugees are good people” Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Executive Summary viii Continue implementation of progressive policies: ◆ Implement concrete actions to fulfill Government pledges and proclamations to move away from encampment toward mobility based on economic opportunities. ◆ Harmonize national and sub-national laws to support the full implementation of refugee protection. ◆ Coordinate efforts among stakeholders to track progress and share best practices. ◆ Redesign the out-of-camp policy (OCP) to encourage mobility to realize greater socioeconomic opportunities for refugees while accelerating and automating issuance of work authorizations to enable sustainable improvements in refugees’ lives. ◆ Address challenges in accessing business licenses for refugee self-employment, including access to finance. Improve cooperation and coordination ◆ Invest in and accelerate inclusive approaches to economic opportunities and self-reliance to support the GoE in implementing the Refugee Proclamation of 2019. ◆ Define better coordination and engage line ministries to achieve better outcomes for refugees and their hosts. ◆ Improve the coverage, accuracy, reliability, quality, and comparability of data to provide the analytical underpinning for policy decisions. Executive Summary 1 C onflict, political unrest, environmental disruption, and economic instability has forcibly displaced millions of people globally (Ferris, 2010;

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input: Annual surveys funded under the previous project cycle provided panel data tracking changes in household income, agricultural production, and child schooling from 2017 to 2021. The annual surveys were administered by the same field firm across all rounds, ensuring consistent interviewer training and questionnaire interpretation. The final annual survey in 2021 achieved a response rate of 96 percent, with non-response concentrated among households that had migrated seasonally for employment, which may slightly understate income recovery among the most economically mobile households.

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Input:
**Table 4: Financial Management Capacity Assessment**

| Dimension | Rating | Key Weakness | Mitigation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Budgeting | Moderate | Delays in budget releases | Contingency drawdown procedure |
| Accounting | Moderate | Partial SIGAF rollout | PIU parallel records |
| Internal Controls | Substantial | Limited segregation of duties | Additional FM staff |
| Reporting | Moderate | IFR delays in prior project | Monthly reporting schedule |
| External Audit | Low | N/A | Competitive audit firm selection |

The overall financial management risk is rated **Moderate** following agreed mitigation measures. SIGAF will be fully operational within six months of project effectiveness.

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Input:
**(1)**
**Enrollment at a JFPR**
**school**

Using local-level survey data collected for this purpose, we test whether the evidence supports the standard economic argument that there will be little or no impact on rural roads rehabilitated, given fungibility.

independent administrative data reports that an average of 4.6 kilometers per commune

Roads in Vietnam" (SIRRV) is a panel data set of pre-project baseline and post-project

6 Least cost techniques refer to the minimum-cost engineering solution that ensures a minimum level of
motorized passability.
7 For a more detailed description of the SIRRV see van de Walle (2007).

local-level survey data
independent administrative data

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Input: months” and “last 12 months” as references. Imputed rent for owner-occupied houses is calculated by the Ethiopian Statistical Service (ESS) team and is included in the consumption expenditure data shared with the Bank team. Spatial and temporal price deflators adjust for price variations across time and space. First, nominal consumption is adjusted for price differences across survey domains using spatial deflators calculated using the Household Welfare Statistics (HoWStat 2021) survey data. Second, spatially-deflated consumption levels are expressed in December 2022 prices using the food and non-food Consumer Price Indexes produced and provided by the ESS. Finally, to adjust for variations in household size and composition, the spatially and temporally adjusted consumption expenditure is divided by household size. This is because the poverty rates presented in this chapter are calculated using the international poverty line of USD 2.15 per capita in 2017 PPP. The US$2.15 poverty line was converted to local currency in 2017 using the PPP conversion factor, and then the value was inflated to December 2022 prices using the national CPI. Given that international poverty estimates reported at the global level are based on consumption aggregates not spatially deflated, the poverty reports presented in this report are not strictly

Household Welfare Statistics (HoWStat 2021) survey

food and non-food Consumer Price Indexes

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Input: Our analysis exclusively uses data from the 1951-2015 UNHCR Population Statistics Reference database (extracted September 18 2015). Data were provided for 173 countries: 77 percent of these data were based on individual refugee registration, 13 percent on estimates, 5 percent on combined estimation and registration, and 5 percent on other sources. The data are structured as follows: for each situation, the database records annual numbers of persons of concern, which comprise “ Refugees (including refugee-like situations) ”, “ Asylum seekers ”, “ Internally Displaced Persons ”, “ Returnees ”, “ Stateless ” persons, and “ Others of concern ”. A situation is a pair country of origin / country of destination. For example, Somali refugees in Kenya account for one situation, Somali refugees in Ethiopia for another, and South Sudanese refugees in Kenya for yet another. Furthermore, a situation is considered major if it involves more than 25, 000 people. It is referred to as protracted if it is major for at least 5 continuous years. The database, and therefore our analysis, is limited to refugees under UNHCR protection. It does not include asylum seekers, i. e. individuals who have sought international protection under the 1951 Convention but whose claims for refugee status have not yet been determined, and persons in “ refugee-like situations ”, i. e. individuals outside their country or territory of origin who face protection risks similar to those of refugees, but for whom refugee status has, for practical or other reasons, not been ascertained (e. g., undocumented Rohingya originating from Myanmar 4

UNHCR Population Statistics Reference database

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Input: Produced by the Research Support Team Abstract The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Policy Research Working Paper 9533 Refugee camps are believed to represent safe havens for forcibly displaced persons, but studies looking at refugees ’ quality of life in camps are few. This paper explores how Syrian refugees ’ quality of life in camps in Jordan differs from that of Syrian refugees residing outside camps. Using data from the Syrian Refugee and Host Community Survey, the study measures life quality through indicators of subjective life experience and material living conditions. Data are analyzed using advanced statistical methods (difference-in-difference and propensity score matching) to control for selection bias that could skew estimates of causal effects. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: during the sampling and data collection stages. Moreover, our thanks go to the following UNHCR colleagues for their invaluable comments on the various draft stages of this report: Emily Lugano, Annick-Laure Tchuendem, Jed Fix, Theresa Beltramo, Alessio Baldaccini, Anna Gaunt, Asaad Kadhum, Benoit d’Ansembourg, Berhanu Geneti, Campbell Macknight, Daniel Gebrekidan, Florah Bukania, Florence Nimoh, Johannes Abate, Joyce Wahome, Katie Ogwang, Nada Omeira, Nathalie Bussien, Robert Nyambaka and Yukta Kumar. Our thanks also go to our JDC colleagues Felix Schmieding (Senior Statistician, UNHCR) and Harriet Kasidi Mugera (Senior Data Scientist, World Bank) for their tireless support and advice during the preparation of SESRE. The report benefited from the insights of peer reviewers: Leslie Velez, Mulualem Desta, Takaaki Masaki (Senior Economist, World Bank), and Precious Zikhali (Senior Economist, World Bank). We are indebted to Nistha Sinha (Senior Economist, World Bank) for her constructive comments that significantly enhanced the report. We also recognize Aldo Morri for his excellent editorial support. Finally, we extend our deepest gratitude to the survey respondents for their willingness to share their experiences which has been instrumental in deepening our understanding of the challenges and needs faced by both refugees and host households. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii Introduction E thiopia, with

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Input: that are at a maximum distance of 80 km from the 7, 547 clusters. 12 Figure 1 shows the locations of these refugee camps and clusters. Clusters are represented in green, while clusters in the vicinity of a refugee camp are represented in red. Refugee camps are designated with a red + sign. There are some important limitations associated with this data. First, the data only provides information on refugees residing in camps monitored by the UNHCR. In Figure B. 7, we combine the UNHCR refugee camp data on the annual number of refugees and the UNHCR official statistics on refugees (which includes people in refugee-like situations) at the country level. 13 Although the overall trends match, our constructed dataset clearly underestimates the true refugee population in Africa, which is not surprising since our camp-specific data does not contain dispersed refugees or refugees living outside of camps. While our data seem to represent quite fairly the number of refugees in camps, there is significant heterogeneity across countries. Based on the visual inspection of Figure B. 8, the quality of the refugee data appears to be less reliable for the following countries in our sample: Gabon, Mali, Senegal, and Togo. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: months before their survey interview compared to any other group. Of the South Sudanese refugees and hosts that had health issues, 65 percent of refugees and 59 percent of hosts were ill due to malaria. Somali refugees and their hosts have the lowest share of illness (Annex D, Table D.3). Of the ill, most hosts and refugees received the necessary treatment in health institutions. However, in-camp refugees (91 percent) are more likely to get treatment than OCP refugees (71 percent). Refugees access medical services in health institutions located inside and outside of camps. Most in-camp refugees get medical assistance in health centers and health institutions implemented by RRS or NGOs within and outside camps. Refugees in Addis Ababa—who, due to their OCP, have to access healthcare without support from the international community—get medical services from private sources (58 percent) and government 25 Currently, there is only one refugee settlement site in Ethiopia: Alemwach in the Amhara region. 0 5 10 15 20 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total Percent Figure 2.15: Faced any health problem Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees

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Input: 10 as the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), though researchers have reduced under-reporting by providing special training to interviewers, placing greater emphasis on respondents ’ privacy and safety, and allowing women multiple opportunities to disclose their experiences (Ellsberg et al., 2001a; Garcia Moreno et al., 2003; Ellsberg et al., forthcoming). Estimates of the magnitude of the problem Population-based surveys have found that between 10-70 % of women report being physically assaulted by an intimate male partner at some point in their lives (Heise, Ellsberg and Gottemoeller, 1999). See Annex A for estimates from many recent population based studies (Ellsberg et al., forthcoming). Findings from a multi-country study on domestic violence and women ’ s health carried out by the World Health Organization in fifteen sites and ten countries found that between 13-62 % of women had experienced physical violence by a partner over the course of their lifetime, and between 3-29 % of women reported violence within the past year (Figure 1. 1). Figure 1. 1.

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A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input: 6 3. The Data The Kagera Health and Development Survey (KHDS) was originally conducted by the World Bank and Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences (MUCHS), and consisted of about 915 households interviewed up to four times from fall 1991 to January 1994 (at 6-7 month intervals) (see World Bank, 2004, and http: / / www. worldbank. org / lsms /). The KHDS 1991-1994 serves as the baseline data for this paper. Initially designed to assess the impact of the health crisis linked to the HIV-AIDS epidemic in the area, it used a stratified design to ensure relative appropriate sampling families with adult mortality. Comparisons with the 1991 HBS suggest that in terms of basic welfare and other indicators, it can be used as a representative sample for this period for Kagera (results not shown but available upon request). The objective of the KHDS 2004 survey was to re-interview all individuals who were household members in any round of the KHDS 1991-1994 and who were alive at the last interview (Beegle, De Weerdt and Dercon, 2006). This effectively meant turning the original household survey into an individual longitudinal survey. Each household in which any of the panel individuals live would be administered the full household questionnaire. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

KHDS 1991-1994
KHDS 2004 survey
Kagera Health and Development Survey

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A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input: The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe ’ s (UNECE) guidelines include a question on reason for migration, population with a refugee-like background and IDPs as non-core topics / questions (UNHCR 2016). 72 While most countries include questions on country of birth and citizenship, only about 40 percent include a question on year of migration, less than a quarter include a question on reason for international migration, and about a fifth include a question on the reason for internal migration (UNHCR 2016). 73 E. g. Kyrgyz Republic 1999 (refugee status), West Bank and Gaza 2007 (refugee status), Zambia 2000 and 2010 (purpose of stay), Germany 1970 (federal refugee identity card), Greece 2001 (reason for settling in Greece), Sudan and South Sudan 2008 (type of household including IDP and refugee), Liberia 1990 (ever displaced by war since 1990), Uganda 2014 (refugees). 74 UNHCR is collaborating with the Statistics Norway on systematically embedding forcibly displaced peoples in national statistics exercises and collaborates with national authorities and with UNFPA in various countries on the design of census exercises that include refugees, IDPs, returnees and stateless persons. 75 LSMS is a household survey program housed in the Bank's Development Research Group that provides technical assistance to national statistical offices in the design and implementation of multi-topic household surveys covering household behavior, welfare and interactions with government policies. All data gathered through the LSMS is published online in the Bank ’ s Central Microdata Catalog. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source