Input: It will also be useful to compare the main labor market outcomes (employment, informality, temporality, work hours, earnings and hourly wages) between Venezuelan migrants and Ecuadoran workers with the same (nominal) education levels. This com- parison also allows us to examine whether the outcomes of highly educated Venezuelans are relatively better or worse than the outcomes for the less educated ones. 13 Table 4 reports this information. As before, we restrict the sample to the working- age population (age 15-70). The ﬁrst column summarizes the values for Ecuadoran natives, column 2 reports the data for the Venezuelan migrants, and column 3 presents the ratio of the value in column 2 relative to column 1. Several points are worth noting. As noted earlier, Venezuelan workers are much less likely to have low education levels (26 percentage points) and much more likely to have a college degree (25 percentage points) than the average native. In terms of employment rates, we observe that among 13 We have not succeeded in obtaining a systematic comparison of the quality of education in Venezuela and Ecuador. The best assessment is based on an analysis by Juan Maragall (Inter-American Development Bank) based on a 2009 PISA study conducted in the state of Miranda in Venezuela. The data show that students in Venezuela have lower reading and math levels than the average for Latin America. More speciﬁcally, the gap is estimated to be 13 percentage points for public schools and 6 percentage points for private schools. Given that Ecuador ’ s scores are in line with the average for Latin America, these data suggest that the quality of the Venezuelan education system is somewhat below the Ecuadoran counterpart. However, we also note that many Venezuelan migrants were schooled prior to the recent deterioration of educational institutions in Venezuela and that migrants are typically pos- itively selected in regards to their origin populations. As a result, it seems reasonable to assume that the educational credentials of Venezuelans are comparable to those of Ecuadoran workers. 8 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: The 2005 insurance policy's surety bond requirement created delays for three smaller contractors who lacked access to the commercial surety market at competitive rates. To resolve this, the PIU negotiated a framework agreement with two national insurance companies approved by the Insurance Regulatory Authority to provide project performance bonds under the 2005 insurance policy at standardized premium rates. This arrangement reduced average bond issuance time from 22 days to 4 days and has been incorporated into the standard bidding documents for subsequent civil works contracts.

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Input: 15 resulting in government forces recapturing rebel held territory, establishment of a rebel base or headquarters, rebel activity that is not battle related (e. g. presence or the killing of civilians), and territorial transfers. The dataset consists of 4, 145 battle events for the 1960 – 2004 period. In the present analysis, we use 2, 530 of these. The remaining events were dropped as they either were in countries not included in the analysis, or because information was missing for one of the key variables. Each conflict event is associated with geographic coordinates and a date of occurrence. This information allows for spatial and temporal modeling of conflict events. The dataset used in this article covers 14 countries in Central Africa. 6 of them had a conflict in the 1960 – 2004 period according to the Uppsala / PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset (Gleditsch et al., 2002): Angola, Burundi, Republic of Congo (Brazzaville), Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire), Rwanda, and Uganda. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input:
This is exactly what we will do in the present paper. Using data from 333 municipalities
( _comuna_ s) in Chile, we will estimate short-run relationships between climate variables

1
For example, an extensive drought in Central America might damage its coffee-production and the reduced
supply of coffee would increase the world price of coffee, which could benefit coffee-producers in other parts
of the world.

Two different types of climate change will be assessed. First, the documented recent
climate change in each of the 333 municipalities, as estimated from average monthly
temperature series from 1948 to 2008 for all the Chilean meteorological stations that have
contributed systematically to the Monthly Climatic Data for the World (MCDW)
publication of the US National Climatic Data Center. Second, we will use the predictions
of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC4) climate models to simulate the likely effects of projected future climate change in
Chile.

The municipal level cross-section data-base, which is used to estimate the relationship between climate and development in Chile, is constructed using data from different sources. Table 1 lists the variables, their definitions, and the sources of the information.

Monthly Climatic Data for the World
US National Climatic Data Center

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Input: Some data challenges common to refugees and IDPs Irrespective of the specific questions related to refugee and IDP data, there are also general questions that refer to the forcibly displaced in general and that are distinct from data collection of regular populations or even migrant populations. We explore here selected issues including sampling, unit of analysis, welfare measurement, multidimensional aspects, and the measurement of risks and vulnerabilities. Sampling. As mentioned, the UNHCR is really the only statistical agency for refugees and the UNHCR registry the only population census. As for any other populations, sampling requires the preparation of a master sample that derives from the population census. With various degrees of knowledge and accuracy, this is also what happens with refugees. However, the master sample is more difficult to construct than for regular populations because refugees live in camps and outside camps and are diluted in a host population with different types of arrangements. Some households rent, others stay at relatives ’ places, other live in makeshift shacks and others stay in camps. The information available in the UNHCR registry (the census) can also be quite inaccurate, as already discussed, and the degree of accuracy changes for different groups of refugees. Stratification by urban and rural areas, a typical approach in sampling, may mean little for a population that is mostly in urban areas whether in camps or outside camps. Refugees and IDPs are also mobile and more difficult to track over time than other populations. Several statistical institutes worldwide have developed methodologies to track and measure mobile populations such as herders, nomads or homeless people. However, tracking refugees from other countries has been in the Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input:
The firm-level financial data for 1997 are primarily from the Worldscope database. The World

in Australia and Canada, respectively. Using industry data from Mexico, Blomstrom and Persson

Commission on an annual basis. We use [group-affiliation data from the 1994-1997 lists of business]

by the level of growth of a sector or a country. Indeed, using firm level data, Haddad and Harrison

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Input:
It consists of seven questionnaires that collect information on demographics, work and income, quality-of-life perceptions, expenditures, and food consumption (at the household and individual level). For the estimation of the poverty line, we use data from the three expenditure questionnaires (POF 2-4), in addition to key demographic data collected in the general household questionnaire (POF 1). The expenditure questionnaires collect information on monetary consumption expenses as well as the value of nonmonetary consumption.

This information can be obtained from the TBCA. It has nutritional values per 100 grams, including calorie intake, for an extensive list of meals and food items typically consumed in Brazil.

[7 The TBCA can be accessed at http://www.tbca.net.br/base-dados/composicao_alimentos.php.](http://www.tbca.net.br/base-dados/composicao_alimentos.php)

_Estimating the cost per calorie._ To estimate the cost per calorie, we use information on food purchases (expenditures and quantity consumed) by food item from POF. POF collects information on food purchases for consumption at home as well as food consumed away from home (FAFH). Food purchases for consumption at home are collected in the household expenditure diary, which collects expenditures on frequent purchases over a reference period of one week (POF 3). It collects expenditures and quantities purchased by food item, containing 4,549 different food items.

8 We assessed the possibility of addressing this shortcoming by using data from another questionnaire (POF 7) that
registers quantities of items consumed, location, time, and its calorie intake. However, it was not possible to match
the data from POF 7 (quantities) and POF 4 (expenditures) in a reliable way. First, item specifications differ across
the two questionnaires. Food items in POF 4 are mostly vague. The item with highest expenditure is "takeaway meal
(lunch/dinner)." In contrast, POF 7 has items as detailed as white rice, beans, eggs, potatoes, and so on consumed
during lunch or dinnertime.

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Input:
The returnee population is relatively more prone to lethal landmine and ERW accidents than the
civilian population living in their community of origin. According to data from DMAC and UNMAS,
travelers including returnees and IDPs account for 30% of all landmine, ERW and Pressure Plate IED
accidents. Returnee populations are particularly vulnerable due to their unfamiliarity with the overall
threats posed by explosive hazards; lack of information about how to identify them and lack of the
potentially life-saving behaviour to adopt in response, in addition to their unfamiliarity with their new
surroundings, including the history of armed clashes and potential for explosive contamination in
areas of settlement.

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Input: The JLMPS sample is restricted, after matching it to the 2010 school census, to individuals born in Jordan who are aged 25 to 70 in 2010 and who have nonmissing information on age, subdistrict of birth, years of schooling, father ’ s schooling, mother ’ s schooling, and local supply of schools in subdistrict of birth. 9 These exclusions resulted in a sample of 4, 139 males and 4, 131 females, which are referred to as the male and female full samples, respectively. 7. Because of the absence of annual estimates of subdistrict populations, the population used to normalize the supply of schooling at the subdistrict level is the 2004 population of the subdistrict. There are 86 subdistricts in Jordan. If subdistrict populations are growing at different rates, this could introduce some measurement error of the true supply of schooling available to different cohorts. 8. Secondary schools include both general and vocational secondary schools. Public schools include schools under the jurisdiction of: (i) Ministry of Education, (ii) Ministry of Higher Education, (iii) Ministry of Defense, (iv) Ministry of Social Development, (v) Ministry of Religious Endowments (Awqaf), and (vi) UNRWA. 9. The original sample size of all individuals who are aged 25 to 70 years in 2010 and are born in Jordan is 8, 312 observations. The sample restrictions on the missing values result in the exclusion of 34 observations (missing age), 1 observation (missing father ’ s schooling), and 7 observations (missing mother ’ s schooling). Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: Second, the Turkish LFS asks respondents whether they had previously lived in a different province (one of Turkey ’ s 81 NUTS 3 regions), and if so in what year they moved to their current province. We estimate the impact of refugees on the probability a native moved to a subregion in the past year. Table 9 reports OLS and IV estimates of the impact of refugee on net population growth in subregion (Columns 1 and 2) and gross population inflows (Columns 3 and 4). Net population growth is estimated at the level of NUTS 2 subregions. Population inflows to a subregion are estimated at the individual level (and standard errors clustered by subregion- year). All regressions include subregion and year fixed effects and a year-specific control for log distance from the Syrian border. The first column presents the estimates for the whole sample, subsequent columns for different sub-samples by gender, age and education. For the full sample the net population growth in a subregion is positively correlated with refugee flows, while the IV point estimate is negative (though neither estimate is statistically significant). The probability of a Turkish person migrating to a subregion is negatively correlated with refugee flows (the OLS estimate is highly statistically significant). The IV estimate is of a similar magnitude, but no longer statistically significant. This same pattern broadly holds for both women and men. The only other statistically significant IV estimates are a decrease in the population aged 15 – 24, an age group that is likely more mobile, and of those with medium educational attainment. There is also a decrease in the inflow of low Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: such as education and caste. We also construct measures of social proximity between a migrant ’ s place of birth and each possible destination, using detailed available data on ethnicity, caste, language, and religion. We also investigate a number of factors that may inﬂuence the choice of migration destination but have not received much attention in the existing literature. Fafchamps and Shilpi (2009) have shown that the subjective welfare cost of geographical isolation is high. To investigate this issue, we include regressors controlling for population density and for the average distance to various amenities. Fafchamps and Shilpi (2008) have further shown that migrants are concerned with their welfare relative to that of their birth district as well as to that in their destination location. We examine whether relative welfare considerations inﬂuence the choice of migration destination. Additional controls include distance and prices. The empirical analysis is conducted using LSMS survey data as well as the 2001 population Census data from Nepal. The diverse terrain of Nepal along with geographical variation in amenities makes it ideal for our study. The mountainous nature of Nepal means that the country faces daunting challenges in the provision of transport and energy infrastructure. These challenges are unique to Nepal, however. Similar constraints are faced by many developing countries — or regions within such countries. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: Notably, while we cannot rule out that time outside due to employment may play a role (e. g., fresh air may boost one ’ s mood), our time-use data indicates that the average refugee already spends at least three hours outside per day, with no measurable diﬀerence between employed and cash arms. As we are powered to detect changes of at least twenty minutes for each activity, our results suggest that large substitutions away from unsavory activities are unlikely to be driving the improvements in psychosocial well-being, insofar as the respondent recalls. 1718 We also investigate whether those who were more idle prior to being employed beneﬁt more from employment. We ﬁnd no impact along this margin, suggesting that the elimination of boredom per se is not the driving force behind the psychosocial value of employment (Appendix Table A10). 17Most respondents do not track their day by time, making collection of reliable time use data challenging (though recent literature documents the broader unreliability of such data). We piloted a variety of strategies, and settled on asking respondents how much time they spent on a set of activities in the previous day. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: Both treatment and control group respondents report equally high confidence in their ability to return to school “ should [she] decide to do so. ” These findings from the quantitative impact evaluation complement the results from a set of qualitative focus group discussions that were held with participants at the end of the 6 months of classroom training. Twenty-five percent of the trainees from Round 1 participated in a total of 34 focus group discussions that covered a variety of topics including their satisfaction with the program and their empowerment in both social and economic realms. The trainees overwhelmingly voiced a high degree of satisfaction with the training, and trainers commented on how the motivation or “ seriousness ” of the participants grew over the 6 month period. The trainees credited the transport allowance and free childcare in particular as features that facilitated their full participation; as one trainee commented, 22 Questions adapted from the Adolescent Self-Regulation Inventory, developed and validated for youth in the United States by Moilanen, 2006. The questions were revised and translated into an 11-item for the Liberian context. In the future, we plan to conduct basic testing on this scale on internal consistency and reliability. 17 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: We have constructed two different variables that try to account for the degree of severity of the conflict. 10 The first variable identifies individuals belonging to households that were displaced due to the 1999 wave of violence (all members displaced). The second variable identifies individuals in households that report having their house completely destroyed by the violent attacks in 1999. The TLSS 2001 contains also useful retrospective information on school attendance and grade attained across three different academic years: 1998 / 99, 1999 / 00 and 2000 / 01. We are 7 Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation & Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group. ― Human Rights Violations Database. ‖ 9 February, 2006. Website: http: / / www. hrdag. org / resources / timor-leste_data. shtml. 8 There may be potential sample biases in the statement taking procedure given the voluntary nature of the process. It is possible that those living in more remote or mountainous areas, those living far away from the areas where the statements were taken, the sick, old and disabled and those with no access to the media or means of mass communication have a lower probability of being part of the sample. By contrast, those more active in local communities are more likely to have provided a testimony. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: First, I include a measure of whether citizens believe that a large portion of tax administrators is corrupt. Second, I in- clude a variable indicating whether citizens approve of how well their local government is handling the collection of license fees on bicycles, carts and barrows. 8 Third, both the size of a country and the size of the government may aﬀect a government ’ s ability to detect and punish evaders. I include the 7I also include a country-level indicator of government performance, the World Bank Governance indicator of government eﬀectiveness, in the model. This indicator measures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implemen- tation, and the credibility of the government ’ s commitment to such policies (Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi, 2006, 4). This variable is not signiﬁcant at the p <. 05 level. 8I included two additional measures in the model neither of which were signiﬁcant at the p < 0. 05 level. One is a measure of citizens ’ approval of how well their local government council provides citizens with the information about the councils budget (i. e. revenues and expenditures). The other, the World Bank governance indicator, control of corruption, measures the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, as well as capture of the state by elites and private interest (Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi, 2006, 4). 13 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: These people are then expected to return to their place of origin once the conflict is over and governments are typically over optimistic about the duration of civil conflicts and about return of IDPs. In some cases, governments also have an interest in denying the very existence of IDPs for political purposes. Therefore, little time is spent in surveying IDPs or trying to find durable solutions in the place where they migrated. Moreover, national censuses are usually conducted every ten years and statistical agencies have little incentives to revise censuses, master samples and sample survey structure for situations that are perceived as short ‐ term. In most cases, new surveys are suspended or carried out under the pre ‐ crisis frameworks and, in either case, information on IDPs is not collected or poorly collected. This leaves specialized government agencies or international organizations in charge of IDP statistics (and care). However, unlike refugees, the IDPs do not benefit from a specialized international agency such as the UNHCR. IDP assistance is currently provided by a multitude of organizations including ministries of interior, specialized government agencies, the UNHCR, the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the UN Office for Humanitarian Affairs (UN ‐ OCHA), specialized NGOs and others. Some of these organizations collect information on IDPs and make this information public while others collect information that is not published and others do not collect information and focus on providing assistance. Most data collected are for the simple purpose of counting IDPs and do not include individual or

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Input: 15 causes of death. The Danish Epidemiology Science Centre (1999) found severe malnutrition and high mortality in a survey of 422 refugee children in Guinea ‐ Bissau. They report higher malnutrition and higher mortality for children living in a non ‐ camp setting, compared to children living in a camp. The Goma epidemiology group (1995) found high prevalence of child mortality as well as acute malnutrition among children in refugee camps in Eastern Zaire, especially in female headed households. The magnitude of the difference between ‘ normal ’ mortality in the country under study, in the absence of conflict and the mortality in a refugee camp, depends on several parameters: the health infrastructure in the country as well as in the camp, the food available to camp and non ‐ camp residents, the frequency of visits by nurses or doctors, the intensity of the conflict (e. g. attacks on camps), and so on. Thus, the results are highly dependent on the context. For example, Singh et al (2005) do not find a difference in under 5 mortality among refugee versus non ‐ refugee households in western Uganda and South Sudan, whereas Verwimp and Van Bavel (2005) find higher child mortality and fertility among Rwanda refugees in Congo versus Rwandan women who did not became a refugee. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

survey of 422 refugee children in Guinea ‐ Bissau

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Input: 10 measured by the number of days missed during the academic year, can function as an indicator of school attachment or integration for refugee students. To address potential biases from teacher subjectivity, the analysis of score disparities relies on INVALSI test results. The standardized and anonymized nature of these tests helps mitigate subjectivity in assessment. First, the results section presents some summary statistics of the main outcomes across the different categories of students. Second, we use the administrative data to analyze empirically how Ukrainian refugees and newly arrived foreigners compared to other students as regards their education performance. This estimation is based on an OLS model with the following econometric speciϐication: 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽0 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖 + 𝛽𝛽1 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛_𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 + 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖 + 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 + 𝑓𝑓𝑔𝑔 + 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 + 𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑙 + ϵigs (1) where 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 represents the outcome of interest (such as test scores, absenteeism, or high-track recommendation) for student i in school s, in grade g, and with language l. The variable 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖 is a dummy indicating whether the student is a Ukrainian refugee, and 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛_𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 indicates if the student is a newly arrived foreigner. 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖 represents the Economic, Social, and Cultural Status of the student, and 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 indicates the student ’ s gender. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input:
### Financial Covenants

The Loan Agreement includes the following financial covenants: (i) the borrower will maintain the SIGAF accounting module for the project active and updated within five business days of any transaction; (ii) annual project financial statements will be prepared in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) on a cash basis; (iii) external auditors will be appointed within four months of project effectiveness; and (iv) the external audit report, together with the management letter, will be submitted to the Bank within six months of each fiscal year-end.

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Input: from UNHCR items valued using SESRE prices Food expenditure (UNHCR in-kind + cash): aggregate food expenditure from UNHCR items valued using SESRE prices plus the cash equivalent transfers Annexes 126 Food aid data received from WFP Food aid information received information from the WFP includes five food items and their quantities distributed to refugees: cereal (mainly wheat but in some camps rice), pulses (mostly yellow split peas), CSB+, vegetable oil, and salt (Table E.5). The per person per month aid (in-kind) are converted into annual values and mapped them to closest food item in SESRE (this was not straightforward as the items are different). We assumed a 50 percent ration until November 2022 (for our Oct/Nov sample) and an 84 percent after Dec 2022 (Dec, Jan, and Feb sample). The WFP data are converted to annual values using household size and prices from SESRE. The data source is the “Revised cash transfer value from Oct 2022_refugee camps” file received from the WFP document that helps to get information regarding the changes in cereal cash equivalent – data on cereal cash equivalent for cash camps which is used to calculate cereals provided in those camps and cash transfer value per year.

Revised cash transfer value from Oct 2022_refugee camps

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Input: 1 Introduction The political and economic crisis in Venezuela has given rise to a massive exodus, esti- mated at 4. 3 million people (as of the end of 2019). Many Venezuelans sought refuge in neighboring countries. It is estimated that 1. 5 million Venezuelans had settled in Colombia by the end of 2019, and over 2 million elsewhere in Latin America. Naturally, Venezuelan migrants have sought employment in the host countries but, because of their recent arrival and their transient status, our knowledge of their working conditions is scant. Our paper aims to ﬁll this gap focusing on Ecuador, where almost 400, 000 Venezuelans have settled and many more have transited through the country on the way to other destinations. More speciﬁcally, we provide the ﬁrst analysis of the labor-market conditions of Venezuelan migrants in Ecuador, based on a new nationally representative survey of this population that also includes information on the Ecuadorans living in the same localities. The survey (known by its Spanish acronym EPEC) was promoted by the World Bank and the government of Ecuador and implemented during the summer of 2019. The design and scope of the survey are unique in the context of the countries across Latin America hosting Venezuelan migrants. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: This allowed for consistent ranking the households into welfare quintiles and cross- tabulation of welfare status with household characteristics and indicators derived from the survey data. The imputation was carried out using s2sc algorithm in STATA. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: of difficulty, ranging from those suitable for children as young as 2 and a half years old to more complex items for individuals over 18 years old. 19 The Peabody Vocabulary Test is calibrated with a mean standard score of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, placing scores between 85 and 115 within the average range. This test, in its Spanish edition, has been validated for use in Colombia. Additionally, to ensure relevance and accuracy for Venezuelan nationals, we conducted a preliminary validation by administering the test to a sample of Venezuelan mothers in our study. This step confirmed that the words used in the test held consistent meanings for participants from Venezuela. Figure B. 1 depicts the distribution of PVTS scores for Venezuelan and Colombian chil- dren and adolescents in our sample. This visualization indicates that Venezuelan minors consistently score lower on the PVTS compared to their Colombian peers across the en- tire score distribution. In Table 6, we present the average disparities in percentile rank on the Peabody scale, revealing that Venezuelan children and adolescents, who are forcibly displaced, score approximately 12 p. p. lower than their Colombian counterparts. The difference is meaningful and in turn translated into Venezuelan minors falling into the a higher likelihood of having extremely low, moderately low, and low score categories.

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Input:
REGIONAL BUREAU FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA

###### **POPULATION OF CONCERN IN SOUTHERN AFRICA REGION**

30 September 2022

**PoCs IN SOUTHERN** **AFRICA REGION***

**521,512** **REF**

**41,283** **REF**

**13,762** **ASY**

**1,291** **ASY**

**5,526,022** **IDP**

**REF**

**ASY**

**OOC**

**RET**

**KEY FIGURES**

## **8,572,919**

Total Population of concern

###### **1,099,585**

Refugees, asylum-seekers, other
of concern & returnees**

**785,119**

**278,090**

**36,165**

**211**

###### **7,473,334**

Conflict induced and Natural Disaster IDPs

Natural Disaster IDPs

**528,466**

**7%**

**6,419,356**

**86%**

IDPs RET

**525,512**

**7.0%**

do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations

**Author: UNHCR DIMA - RSA** Contact : rsarbdima@unhcr.org **Source:** UNHCR Primes, Government, IOM, OCHA, UNHCR

**Author: UNHCR DIMA - RSA** Contact : rsarbdima@unhcr.org **Source: REF, ASY, OOC, RET** (UNHCR PRIMES, Government); **IDP DRC** (OCHA); IDP Zimbabwe & Mozambique (IOM); **IDP ROC** (Government, Ministry of Social Affairs and Humanitarian Action (MASAH).

*PoCs = Persons of Concern   ** REF = Refugee; ASY = Asylum-seeker; OOC = Other person of concern; RET = Returnee. DRC = Democratic Republic of the Congo  ROC = Republic of the Congo Date of creation : 30 September
2022

For more information visit: UNHCR Data Portal

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Input: 41 Note: Refugee data are from the UNHCR statistical population online dataset, accessed in September 2014. Refugee data from 2007 to 2013 include people in refugee ‐ like situations (see note, Figure 1). IDP data from 1990 to 2008 are aggregated based on Center for Systematic Peace (http: / / www. systemicpeace. org /). UNHCR assisted ‐ IDP are compiled based on several UNHCR (1995, 1996, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014) reports. UNHCR ‐ assisted IDPs are only IDPs who are protected / assisted by UNHCR. These are also not necessarily representative of the entire IDP population in a given country. Many of the world's IDP situations are not covered by UNHCR and are thus not reflected. Since some adjustments could take place over time, we always use the figures from the last available report. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: Combining almost 50, 000 responses to 11 cross-sectional surveys between 2017 and 2021, displacement is negatively associated with perceptions of social cohesion in aggregate. But at the individual level, those who report hosting displaced populations in their communities often have higher perceptions of social cohesion. These results are strongest among respondents who self-report hosting IDPs as opposed to refugees, but important heterogeneity across indicators, local context, and gender should guide policy meant to promote social cohesion in forced displacement. This paper is a product of the Social Sustainability and Inclusion Global Practice. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http: / / www. worldbank. org / prwp. The authors may be contacted at ppham @ hsph. harvard. edu. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: prior to the pandemic, a period characterized by less distinct time trends in the labor market. Since the focus of the paper is on the impact of COVID on labor market stock and dynamics, we also restrict the sample of interest to include only prime-aged working adults (aged 20 to 59). The dataset contains standard variables expected of a labor force survey, including those denoting employment, unemployment, and inactivity. It also contains information on the intensive margin of the labor supply, including hours worked and full-time and part-time status. Information on employment sector, industry, contract status, health insurance coverage, and mode of work (distinguishing between employees and self-employed, for example) is also available, allowing us to construct indicators of formality and to differentiate different modes of employment. Information on occupation is also available, but only at the level of 2-digit ISCO-08 classification. This information is enough to distinguish between white- and blue-collar occupations but it is not enough to observe additional relevant pandemic-related job characteristics such as the degree of contact with the public. 3. 2 Descriptive statistics Figure (1) tracks the evolution of labor market stocks in the West Bank and Gaza respectively over time. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input:
Macro International, Demographic and Health Surveys, Beltsville, MD.

<!-- PAGE 33 -->
8. **Comparison with Monitoring Results for India**

A recent monitoring study for Indian households (World Bank, 2002; Balakrishnan,

et al., 2002; Parikh, et al., 2001) has provided useful comparative information about

survey suggests that progress has been quite limited. Of 686 biofuel-using households in

our 7-region survey (including Dhaka), only 9 (1.3%) report using an improved stove: 4

In this paper, we investigate individuals' exposure to indoor air pollution (IAP). Using new survey data from Bangladesh, we analyze exposure at two levels: differences within households attributable

In this paper, we use our survey data to estimate the incidence of IAP exposure for family

monitoring study for Indian households
7-region survey
new survey data from Bangladesh

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Input: a significant challenge for both hosts and refugees. The nutritional status of children under age five is based on anthropometry measures; that is, stunting, underweight, and wasting. A child is identified as 26 Driven by Eritrean refugees in Alemwach camp who do not have a health facility inside the refugee site and get medical services from government health facilities outside the camp. 27 Chronic illness: tuberculosis, hepatitis-B, asthma, uric acid, blood pressure, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, kidney problem, epilepsy, cancer, mental illness 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Eritrean Somali South Sudanese All in camp Eritrean Somali South Sudanese All in camp 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Chronic illness Non-chronic illness Percent Percent Figure 2.17: Use of the national healthcare system when faced with health problems Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. a. Overall b. By type of illness Sociodemographic Profile 20 “stunted”, “underweight”, or “wasted” if height- for-age, weight-for-age, and weight-for-height “z-scores28” are more than two standard deviations below the 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standard medians for these measures. Child stunting is a major child health problem for both hosts and refugees, but stunting rates are largest for refugee children. Stunting

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Input: Moreover, some refugees may not register because they are unaware that they should, and others may be reluctant to do so because they are skeptical of the integrity of the registration process (e. g. fair access to entitlements or opportunities for durable solutions) or lack confidence in protection measures. Individuals in irregular migration flows may also choose not to apply for asylum due to fear of declaring themselves to the authorities. A significant challenge with refugee registers is keeping them up to date. Individual registration can provide a robust snapshot of the stock of refugees and asylum-seekers, but registers need to be updated regularly to reflect flows, i. e. increases in refugee and asylum-seeker numbers (births, new arrivals) and decreases (deaths, departures, durable solutions). In situations of sudden mass influxes, existing registration capacity may not be adequate and the scope of registration data is then rationalized. 65 Additionally, it may not be possible to capture all demographic changes in the case of highly mobile populations.

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Input: The cooperative medical scheme's claims database was accessed under a data-sharing agreement with the Ministry of Health to assess hospitalization rates and out-of-pocket expenditure patterns for the target population before the project intervention. These administrative records provided a cost baseline used in the economic analysis. The analysis found that average annual out-of-pocket health expenditure per enrolled household under the cooperative medical scheme was 22 percent lower than among non-enrolled households in comparable income deciles, justifying the enrollment subsidy approach.

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Input: The MHPSS referral pathway was tested through six clinical review sessions conducted jointly by the project's MHPSS technical advisor and the district psychiatric nurses. Case reviews identified bottlenecks at the step between community-based MHPSS workers and facility-based counselors, particularly for cases involving domestic violence survivors. Revised referral procedures were agreed, including a protocol for same-day warm handoffs in urgent cases and the designation of dedicated MHPSS consultation slots in three district hospital outpatient departments.

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Input: Typically, registers have evolved over time (from parish records, for example). They were never developed specifically to record international migration information, and they vary considerably across countries. For example, the laws under which individuals are classified as migrants and the conditions under which they are inscribed or deregistered differ greatly (Bilsborrow and others 1997). The Raw Data The Global Migration Database is a vast collection of destination country data sources detailing migrant stocks from numerous origin countries and regions (United Nations [2008]). Compiling and maintaining the underlying primary sources require herculean efforts to scour the key census collections of the world and enter the data manually. In total, the database comprises records from some 3, 500 separate censuses from more than 230 migrant destination countries and territories, by sex and age. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: 14 Bearing in mind that this data is then translated to semi-annual data, i. e. the specific month is not used, among those who reported the starting month of their different jobs, the probability of starting a job in a given half-year was approximately 50 percent. We, therefore, think that a random assignment that gives equal weight to all months (and to each of the two half years) is a sensible choice. We construct a semi-annual synthetic panel. In doing so, we assume that each individual in the sample is observed over the period from the first half year of 2016 to the second half year of 2020. Individuals who entered the job market later than the first half of 2016 are considered non- employed until entry. Using the starting and ending dates for all the jobs an individual has engaged in, we can identify the individual ’ s job finding and job separation events. In particular, we convert the starting and ending month of a job into the half year they belong to. For example, a person who started a job in May of 2017 is coded as found a job in the first half year of 2017. In Table 2, we present the transitions by half-year, nationality of individual, their camp residency if they are Syrian and the imputation status. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: refugee households living under OCP, 10 percent moved to Addis Ababa to access basic social services, such as education and health. Thus, some refugees from the above may receive medical services free of charge. Based on SESRE data, most OCP refugees (58 percent) rely primarily on private healthcare services, while 40 percent access healthcare through the national system (Annex D, Figure D.7). This can help explain why OCP refugees’ average annual per capita expenditure on health is almost twice that of hosts. In-camp refugees have access to healthcare through the international community, so their out-of-pocket spending on health is thus very low and much lower than hosts’ out-of-pocket health expenditures. The difference in per capita health expenditure is large between Eritrean and South Sudanese refugees and their hosts but low among Somali refugees and their hosts (Annex D, Figure D.12). Child Nutrition and Health Outcomes Child nutrition and health represent a significant challenge for both hosts and refugees. The nutritional status of children under age five is based on anthropometry measures; that is, stunting, underweight, and wasting. A child is identified as 26 Driven by Eritrean refugees in Alemwach camp who do not have a health facility inside the refugee

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Input: 5 implemented in six areas: Bamako, the regional capitals of Gao, Timbuktu, and Kidal as well as one refugee camp in Mauritania and one in Niger. Bamako was selected because it is home to a large number of IDPs. The refugee camps were selected to obtain a sample of refugees. Returnees were identified in the regional capitals of Timbuktu, Gao and Kidal where the phone network was (still) functional. The approach to selecting respondents differed by location and depended on the availability of pre-existing population information.  Bamako: Listing information of all households with IDPs was obtained from the International Organization for Migration (IOM). Based on this data 10 districts were selected and in each district 10 households were randomly identified.  Gao, Timbuktu and Kidal: No listing data was available and the cities were divided into different sectors. The enumerator was assigned a starting point in a sector, a direction (North, South, East, West) and based on the code of the day 9 the enumerator selected the first household. If the code of the day was 4, the enumerator would choose the 5th house to conduct the first interview. No more than 6 houses were to be interviewed from one starting point. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: Women experience particularly pronounced displacement in the informal sector and no formal job gains. In contrast, for men displacement in the informal sector is fully offset by employment growth in formal sector, with no net job losses. Clearly, our main findings do not depend on the particular sample of subregions we analyze, and importantly are robust to restricting the analysis to a more homogenous group of regions. 6. CONCLUSIONS This paper combines newly available data on the 2014 distribution of 1. 6 million Syrian refugees across subregions of Turkey and the Turkish LFS, to assess the impact on Turkish labor market conditions. The Syrian refugees in Turkey are overwhelmingly employed informally, since they were not issued work permits, and so their arrival was a well-defined supply shock to informal labor. Consistent with economic theory our IV estimates, which also control for distance from the Turkish-Syrian border, suggest large-scale displacement of natives in the informal sector. At the same time, consistent with occupational upgrading, there are increases in formal employment for the Turkish. This increase though only occurs among men without completed high school education. The employment patterns of women and the high-skilled mean they are not in a good position to take advantage of lower cost 36 Results are also robust to dropping all subregions with close to no refugees. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input:
graduates aged 18, 19, and 20. The objective of ENILEMS was to provide information on

The ENILEMS-ENLACE panel merges information from the respondents of the ENILEMS

2010 survey with their results in the ENLACE Grade 12 taken in May of 2008, 2009, or

2010. Although ENILEMS 2010 did not capture the CURP, it included all the necessary

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Input: Addis Ababa Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Addis Ababa Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Addis Ababa Has hand washing place/item Water available Detergent available Hosts Refugees Percent Figure D.15: Hand washing facility Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Annexes 105 Table D.5: Labor force statistics by survey domains Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Participation (strict) 57% 38% 44% 35% 55% 28% Employment (strict) 89% 72% 94% 77% 96% 82% Unemployment (strict) 11% 28% 6% 23% 4% 18% Participation (relaxed) 62% 60% 51% 49% 57% 38% Employment (relaxed) 81% 45% 81% 55% 91% 60% Unemployment (relaxed) 19% 55% 19% 45% 9% 40% Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Table D.6: Determinants of refugee-host earnings gap (1) (2) (3) (4) Earnings Earnings Earnings Earnings Refugee (% difference from hosts) -69.8*** -63.7*** -62.1*** -40.7*** (0.077) (0.123) (0.122) (0.126) Control: Region Yes Yes Yes Yes Control: Demographics Yes Yes Yes Control: Occupation/Sector Yes Yes Sample: Working outside camp Yes Sample Size 743 742 742 572 Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Monthly earnings are collected for employees only (including work for government, NGOs, and private households). Log earnings are winsorized at the 1st and

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Input: sexual encounter. Finally, about 10 % of study respondents have experienced a forced sexual encounter in their lifetimes, which is consistent with the national figure of 13 % for this age group (DHS 2007). 17 Table 2B presents baseline balance tests for the household characteristics of respondents in the study sample. More than 40 % of households are headed by females, and the average household has slightly fewer than five members. The mothers of EPAG respondents tended to have very low education levels (almost 60 % had never been to formal school), while the fathers had more variance in their education (about a quarter had no schooling, but over 60 % had at least some secondary education). In both treatment and control households, a high proportion of school-aged children are in fact enrolled in school. Less than half of young people aged 13-30 in study households have any employment. Housing conditions are also similar across experimental groups. Tables 2A and 2B include a representative, but not exhaustive, list of indicators that were tested for balance by the authors. We conclude that the presence of very few significant differences between the individual or household characteristics between the two experimental groups indicates a high degree of internal validity for the study. 3. 5. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: The third proxy for economic activity is given by per capita growth of night light, computed using satellite data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 6 Night light data has the beneﬁt 6Satellite data is available for a shorter time period, 1992-2013. 9 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: The household head interviews also provided an opportunity to gather useful household-level information (including assets, housing characteristics, and household head characteristics) to be used as control variables in our analysis. The baseline survey was conducted before participants were informed of the outcome of the randomization, and the midline survey was conducted one year after the baseline survey, one month after completion of the first round of training and before the start of the second round. The results in this paper are based on a panel data set that includes data from the baseline and midline surveys as well as administrative and monitoring data from the program implementation team. Note that although the midline data collection occurred just one month after the completion of the intervention, the intervention itself includes 6 months of post-training follow-up; hence the midline survey captures outcomes of the first cohort 7 months after they exited the classroom-based training. This timing was necessary to prevent too long of a delay between cohorts; the second cohort of trainees started immediately after the midline survey was completed. Future analysis using endline data will examine the trends in outcomes of both groups after Round 1 completion, but will not involve comparison against a pure control group of non-participants. 3. 2. Sample and attrition Following the communications and outreach campaigns in each of the nine target communities, during which 2, 106 young women were originally recruited to be a part of the EPAG program, 8 a randomized 8 The original recruitment effort fell short of the target of enrolling 2500 participants. Hence, before the second round of training, another recruitment effort was launched and an additional 617 girls were enrolled. These girls are not included in the impact evaluation since they were not subject to the initial random assignment. 7 Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: IV. D Validity of the local continuity assumption Table 1 examines whether migrants who migrated just before and after the RAMV cutoff date were similar across a range of individual and household characteristics. For this pur- pose, a sharp RDD model was estimated with a set of pre-migration and pre-RAMV controls used in the RDD as the outcome variables. Only one out of 22 estimated coefﬁcients is sta- tistically signiﬁcant for the robust RDD estimator. The conventional, bias-corrected, and robust estimators, illustrated in Figure G. 2, further conﬁrm the validity of the local continu- ity assumption. Moreover, Tables B. 2 – B. 3 report the same exercise but restrict the sample of non-RAMV migrants obtained through referrals or refugee organizations. The data in both tables conﬁrms that the local continuity assumption holds regardless of the sample of non-RAMV migrants. Finally, we present robust evidence that the socioeconomic characteristics of migrants are uncorrelated with their arrival date during our period of analysis. For this purpose, we ﬁrst regress the arrival date on a rich set of baseline socioeconomic characteristics before the pro- gram onset (and the RAMV registration). The results show that the covariates are not jointly statistically signiﬁcant (Table C. 1). Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: Medium ‐ intensity, on the other hand refers to “ regular armed clashes between governments, government forces and insurgents. ” (IISS 2017) Within the first category, according to the Armed Conflict Survey in 2016 are Afghanistan, Syria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Iraq, while Myanmar, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Sudan are in medium ‐ intensity conflict. (Eritrea is not included in the Armed Conflict Survey in 2017, discussed in Annex). Minorities in Albania, Kosovo and Serbia are often the objects of discrimination but countries are not in conflict. A capsule summary of the security and social situation in each of the other countries included in this survey can be found in Annex 2. The survey illustrates how impractical return is today in the countries in conflict, such as Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq, and voluntary return in large 36 Best practice and new methods in return policy, July 2017, http: / / www. bamf. de / SharedDocs / Meldungen / EN / 2017 / EMN / 20170504 ‐ emnjahrestagung ‐ rueckkehr. html Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: 2 INTRODUCTION In 2015, an estimated 2. 2 million Syrians Under Temporary Protection (SUTPs) were residing in Turkey, the majority arriving in the country over the last 4 years. 2 Turkey ’ s national population is roughly 75 million; recent refugees account for approximately 3 percent of the population. For a country that has never experienced such a large-scale, sudden inflow of foreigners, demographic changes in the composition of the population and labor force will yield unprecedented implications. This paper examines, as data allows, the relationship between the size of the foreign-born population and host community poverty rates in Turkey. First, this paper finds the poverty rates of ‘ recent migrants ’ near the Syrian border (NSB) significantly increased from 2009 to 2013. Second, the number of foreign-born households being captured by the Labor Force Survey (LFS) is expanding, which suggests a growing number of foreign households that are likely to be Syrians. Third, with respect to poverty, the results show no negative impacts on the host community as a result of the increasing size of the foreign-born population. The impact of SUTPs has been both positive and negative. Overall, a significant negative impact on host communities ’ welfare is not observed in the data. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: Consequently, they may fear detection by authorities when asked to respond to surveys or participate in public initiatives. 1 Furthermore, collective repre- sentative and longitudinal data on forcibly displaced migrants, a population with high mobility rates, is difficult and costly (Ib ´ a ˜ nez et al. 2024). This complexity is compounded when focusing on children and adolescents, given the need for enumerators to receive specific training to interact with such a vulnerable demographic and for migrant parents to authorize their children ’ s involvement despite prevailing distrust issues. To address this knowledge gap, we launched the Venezuelan Refugee Panel Study for Kids (VenRePs-Kids) in Medell ´ ın, Colombia. VenRePs-Kids is a longitudinal study repre- sentative of forcibly displaced Venezuelan and Colombian children and adolescents aged 5 to 17. To our knowledge, it is the first study to gather panel data specifically on forcibly 1This concern is also prevalent among undocumented migrants in the United States, as highlighted by Amuedo-Dorantes and Lopez (2015). 2 Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

VenRePs-Kids
Venezuelan Refugee Panel Study for Kids

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Input: 9 where a government might be a real or perceived contributor to displacement or is harboring an overt or covert policy to reduce the number of refugees in the country. With limited results in including FDPs in national sampling frames, alternative approaches remain necessary. The UNHCR, the World Bank and numerous scholars and practitioners worldwide are experimenting with satellite images and phone surveys to try detecting refugee and IDP populations that may escape the UNHCR and national registers with some initial encouraging results. In Lebanon, Jordan and the Kurdistan region of Iraq, Aguilera et al. (2020) designed sampling strategies for Syrian refugees with known ex-ante selection probabilities. They used a variety of data sources, including data collected by humanitarian agencies, and also employed geospatial segmenting to create enumeration areas where they did not exist. Systematic field experiments are also underway to test different sampling approaches for IDPs living in camps. For example, Himelein, Pape and Wild (forthcoming) compare the performance of five alternative sampling approaches (satellite mapping, segmentation, grid squares, “ Qibla method, ” and random walk). Different indicators are assessed including household size, consumption, poverty and ownership of assets. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: Ethiopia. Box 1.1: Comparison of SPS 2017 and SESRE 2023 Sociodemographic Profile 9 2. Sociodemographic Profile T his chapter presents results on sociodemographic outcomes of refugees and hosts. It provides the context for refugees and their hosts, covering demographic characteristics, human capital, living conditions, and displacement experience, which are crucial to understand refugees’ context in Ethiopia. These results are presented across the eight domains: Eritrean, Somali, South Sudanese, and refugees in Addis Ababa and their hosts, as well as broad categories between in-camp and out-of-camp refugees and hosts. 2.1 Demographic characteristics In the SESRE sample, most refugees are from South Sudan, accounting for 53 percent of all refugees.11 South Sudanese refugees reside in camps in Gambella and Benishangul-Gumuz regions. Somali refugees living in camps in the Somali region constitute 30 percent of the refugee sample. Eritrean refugees who reside in camps in the Amhara and Afar regions and Addis Ababa under the Out-of-Camp Policy (OCP) constitute 5 and 12 percent of the sample, respectively (Figure 2.1). More than 30 percent of refugees in camps are born in Ethiopia (Figure 2.2). Somali refugees have a higher share of refugees born in Ethiopia (38 percent). According to UNHCR estimates (2023)12, around 1.9

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Input: in SESRE of 13,898 birr, but still low compared to hosts at 28,324 birr. The level of disaggregation of food items matters. The more disaggregated, the higher the food aggregates. To summarize, food rations received are lower than admin data suggests, regardless of the data source. Possible explanations for lower food quantities include. First, SESRE only asks one aggregate question: “How much on average of your food ration do you sell in the market”? Second, food rations are only received once a month, which may not coincide with the interview date. Yet, SESRE asks about what food they consumed (not even a list of food items), not about food received as aid. Third, refugees might carry over food aid in the future. Annexes 128 Annex F: Comparison of Results from Skills Profile Survey and SESRE Table F.1: Results on common indicators from SPS 2017 and SESRE 2023 Skills Profile Survey 2017 SESRE 2023 (In camp) Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Country of origin South Sudanese 23% 53% Somali 24% 30% Eritrean 25% 5% Sudan 28% Demographics Female headed 35% 66% 44% 73% Children (0 to 14) 55% 61% 47% 53% Youth (15 to 24) 13% 17% 19% 21% Adults (25 to

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Input: 21 Results suggest that 66 % of the returnees trust the Malian police and army most when it comes to providing security in the North. Almost half believe that the Malian army is brave and well trained. The vast majority of returnees believe that the government ’ s policies regarding reconciliation, security and social cohesion are good or very good. They also support the government ’ s approach towards decentralization and providing infrastructure such as access to potable water and electricity. As the next section will illustrate this differs strongly with the opinions of refugees. 6. Prospects for Peace IDPs, refugees and returnees have comparable opinions with regard to the requirements for peace: (i) addressing the ongoing crisis, (ii) improving security and (iii) reconciliation. Although there is agreement on what needs to be done, there is little consensus on what happened during the crisis, who the culprits are and who the main victims. Figure 15: What is the most important problem the Government needs to resolve today? (%) Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014.

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Input: “relaxed” definition of labor force participation includes anyone who is available to work. The “strict” definition of labor force participation includes only those who are available to work and also actively searching for work. Employment-to- population ratio is the share of working-age people who are employed. 41 In Ethiopia, in-camp refugees can work as incentive workers, with standardized pay scales according to their skills, in different organizations, including RRS, a government entity. Thus in-camp refugees who indicated that they work in the public sector were assumed to be incentive workers under RRS. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Camp Hosts Camp Refugees Self-employed Employee Public NGO/RRS Private household Unpaid Percent Figure 3.3: Work type Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Elementary occupations Machine operators/assemblers Craf/related trade workers Skilled agricultural workers Service/sales workers Clerical support workers Tech/associate professionals Managers/professionals 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Camp Hosts Camp Refugees Percent Figure 3.4: Occupation Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Jobs and Livelihoods 29 Female refugees have high employment rates relative to male refugees of all ages and make a critical contribution to refugee household incomes. Figure 3.5

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Input: 3 population density across a state, the ecological inference issue is alleviated as we directly test the propensity of any population group to experience a conflict. Through disaggregation, we may succeed in supporting explanations based on variables such as the distance from the capital and the overall size of the country's population if we know at which locations conflicts occur. If conflicts are located mainly at some distance from countries'capitals, we might infer that large countries have more conflicts because of the difficulties of projecting governmental power. If they are located in population concentrations irrespective of location relative to the capita, other explanations should be sought. The paper makes use a new dataset called ACLED (Armed Conflict Location and Events Dataset) to allow for this type of disaggregated analysis. The dataset currently codes the location of all reported conflict events in 14 countries in Central Africa in the 1960 – 2004 period. The conflict event data are juxtaposed with geographically disaggregated data on populations, distance to capitals, borders, and road networks. The paper suggests some adaptions to a statistical method to allow for analyzing data at this level of analysis. Related to the size of populations is their distributions. The Democratic Republic of Congo, for instance, is not only characterized by being enormously large, but also shows tremendous variation in population densities.

Armed Conflict Location and Events Dataset

conflict event data
geographically disaggregated data

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Input: this marginal progress. In 2020, the COVID pandemic closed markets, albeit relatively briefly, and this immediately decreased job opportunities. While most reentered the labor market, many changed their work situation, and some permanently exited the workforce or reduced working hours. At the same time, more and more people— rural women in particular—are unemployed or out of the labor market altogether. Nationally, unemployment doubled between 2013 and 2021, and it tripled in rural areas. Women and youth both saw particularly sharp increases in unemployment. There was also a decrease in the labor force participation rate (LFPR), from 86 percent in 2013 to 74 percent in 2021, following a long period of steady LFPR in the two previous LFS surveys. Like for unemployment, LFPR was much more affected in the rural labor market, and these trends are particularly striking for women. 3. Jobs and Livelihoods Jobs and Livelihoods 25 Within this challenging context, vulnerable populations—including refugees—face unique barriers to accessing quality work. On average, rural women, urban youth, people with disabilities, and rural-urban migrants are more likely to be inactive and less likely to have improved their livelihoods over the last two decades. In this context, it is unsurprising that refugees cite

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Input: Finally, the expenditure shock which we discussed in the theory section (international aid or an increase in public spending associated with the forced displacement crisis) is considered by only a handful of papers. This is a possible confounding factor of the impact of forced displacement on host communities and one that is not easily addressed with the use of fixed effects. This is clearly a shortcoming of this literature that will require increased attention in the future. 4. Meta-analysis of empirical results 4. 1 Data The literature review covers 49 papers spanning over a period of 29 years. We were not able to find published papers prior to the work by Card in 1990, which effectively started this literature, and there is a relatively low interest in this topic between 1990 and 2011 with only one or two papers published per year. With the Syrian crisis starting in 2011 and the EU crisis in 2015 the number of papers per year increased by several fold. Most of the papers and results considered in this review are therefore very recent (Figure 2). We used academic databases and search engines (EconLit, Social Science Research Network, JSTOR, Google Scholar) and searched websites of institutions with relevant working paper series (NBER, IZA, ERF and others). Relevant unpublished papers were included by searching agendas of workshops and conferences organized during the past few years. From the papers reviewed, we selected a total of 762 results summarized in Table 3. The results database was compiled as follows. For each paper we focused on the results that the authors considered the main and Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input:
7 UNHCR Pakistan PA 2016 participants reported regularly experienced arrest, detention, threats of deportation and extortion
(Punjab: 24% female / 17% male; KP: 4% female / 5% male; Sindh: female 7% /male 10%; Baluchistan: 7% female /  4% male)
8 Locations that reported Police Harassment to be the most common safety and security concern, include Peshawar in KP, Attock
and Rawalpindi in Punjab, and Chiltan Town (Tehsil) in Baluchistan. However, male respondents from Chiltan Town Tehsil (Killi Landi
Kuchlak, Qadri Abad, Ghous Abad) reported a significant improvement in the overall security situation compared to last year.

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Input: Challenges around skill mismatch exacerbate exclusion, as many young Lebanese lack the skills and competencies demanded by private sector employers, particularly ‘ soft skills ’. To address some of these challenges, the Lebanese government (GOL) identified volunteerism as a mechanism to enable diverse youth to work together for improved community assets and service delivery as well as increased employability. In September 2012, the GOL issued a Decree (Number 8924 / 2012) that created a new extra curriculum program that requires secondary school students to complete 60 hours of civil work. In addition, the Ministry of Social Affairs (MOSA), through its Volunteering Department, launched annual action plans for the implementation of youth volunteer summer camps across Lebanon. 4 Father ’ s education and residence (region and location of school) are the two largest contributors to inequality of opportunity in students ’ math test scores, accounting for 44 and 23 percent of total inequality, respectively (World Bank, 2016). 5 According to the 2013 Gallup Poll, 90 percent of respondents in Lebanon agreed with the statement that knowing people in high positions is critical to getting a job. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: 14 people may also gain from conflict in terms of income and wealth and this may explain why some people do not move. The defining attributes of the alternative choices are very different from any other model and the task of economics is to understand what these defining attributes should be. In terms of independent variables, “ push ” factors become more important than “ pull ” factors in forced displacement models. The intensity of a conflict may be more important than the income opportunities in potential destination areas. In addition to the classic socioeconomic variables, risk aversion, stress, anxiety, other traits of personality and behavioral factors in general have to be well understood and measured. Hence, one could think of four essential blocks of independent variables including individual or household socioeconomic characteristics, “ push ” factors, “ pull ” factors and behavioral factors. Also, access to and dissemination of information related to the conflict in the place of origin but also in the potential places of destination may be crucial for people to make choices. This is where social psychology, behavioral economics and neuroeconomics may offer insights into such choices. Forced displacement data are also unusual in their form.

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Input:
In terms of statistically insignificant effects, Block et al. (2004) examine the effect of Indonesia's drought and financial crisis of 1997-98 using time-age-cohort decomposition analyses employing high-frequency nutrition data.

With regards to social shocks, in Rwanda, Akresh et al. (2011) find that an additional month of exposure to civil war lowers child HAZ by 0.11 SD. Using qualitative data, the authors argue that this effect is due to increased theft of livestock or crops and exposure to water- and vector-borne diseases, with internal displacement driving this exposure to disease.

7 Measurement error in consumption data could be behind this.

We use weather data taken from the _Terrestrial Air Temperature and Precipitation Version 4.01_ compiled by

We use recent global sub-national aggregated output data (Kummu, Taka and Guillaume 2018a) derived from

Terrestrial Air Temperature and Precipitation Version 4.01

global sub-national aggregated output data

high-frequency nutrition data
consumption data

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Input: This paper analyzes data from the initial wave of VenRePS-Kids, conducted from Oc- tober to December 2022, to outline key demographics and stylized facts about forcibly displaced children and adolescents. Initially, we examine the human development dis- parities of forcibly displaced Venezuelan children and adolescents in comparison to their Colombian counterparts. Our approach to human development is broad, covering physi- cal, cognitive, socio-emotional, and mental health aspects. Additionally, we complement our analysis by exploring differences in food security, social cohesion, and the economic status of parents. Although our analysis is descriptive, it represents a crucial initial step 2Venezuelan households are defined as those where both parents and their children have a Venezuelan nationality. Colombian households are composed of Colombian citizens only. 3 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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