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original
string
prompt
dict
topic
string
format
string
response_0
string
response_1
string
generator_model
string
generation_params
string
final_response
string
jaccard_1
float64
jaccard_2
float64
levenshtein
float64
softngram
float64
cosdist
float64
bertscore_precision
float64
bertscore_recall
float64
bertscore
float64
moverscore
float64
reranker
float64
original_perplexity_llama_instruct
float64
original_entropy_llama_instruct
float64
original_topp_outlier_llama_instruct
float64
original_topk_outlier_llama_instruct
float64
original_fastdetectgpt_llama_instruct
float64
original_perplexity_llama_base
float64
original_entropy_llama_base
float64
original_topp_outlier_llama_base
float64
original_topk_outlier_llama_base
float64
original_fastdetectgpt_llama_base
float64
final_response_perplexity_llama_instruct
float64
final_response_entropy_llama_instruct
float64
final_response_topp_outlier_llama_instruct
float64
final_response_topk_outlier_llama_instruct
float64
final_response_fastdetectgpt_llama_instruct
float64
final_response_perplexity_llama_base
float64
final_response_entropy_llama_base
float64
final_response_topp_outlier_llama_base
float64
final_response_topk_outlier_llama_base
float64
final_response_fastdetectgpt_llama_base
float64
original_binoculars
float64
final_response_binoculars
float64
original_editlens_bucket_roberta_large
int64
original_editlens_score_roberta_large
float64
final_response_editlens_bucket_roberta_large
int64
final_response_editlens_score_roberta_large
float64
original_editlens_bucket_llama_3_2_3b
int64
original_editlens_score_llama_3_2_3b
float64
final_response_editlens_bucket_llama_3_2_3b
int64
final_response_editlens_score_llama_3_2_3b
float64
original_editlens_bucket_giga_roberta
int64
original_editlens_score_giga_roberta
float64
final_response_editlens_bucket_giga_roberta
int64
final_response_editlens_score_giga_roberta
float64
original_editlens_bucket_giga_llama_3_2_3b
int64
original_editlens_score_giga_llama_3_2_3b
float64
final_response_editlens_bucket_giga_llama_3_2_3b
int64
final_response_editlens_score_giga_llama_3_2_3b
float64
original_detector_score_qwen35_35b_a3b
float64
final_response_detector_score_qwen35_35b_a3b
float64
original_detector_score_llama_3b
float64
final_response_detector_score_llama_3b
float64
original_detector_score_gemma3_27b
float64
final_response_detector_score_gemma3_27b
float64
original_detector_score_qwen35_35b_a3b_soft
float64
final_response_detector_score_qwen35_35b_a3b_soft
float64
original_detector_score_llama_3b_soft
float64
final_response_detector_score_llama_3b_soft
float64
original_detector_score_llama_3b_reg
float64
final_response_detector_score_llama_3b_reg
float64
original_llmjudge_score_opus55_high
float64
original_llmjudge_valid_opus55_high
int64
final_response_llmjudge_score_opus55_high
float64
final_response_llmjudge_valid_opus55_high
int64
The TA office is a place for TAs to work quietly on assignment development, grading, and quiet TA-related work in small groups. It is also a room where TAs can go to get their own work done during the day and in the evenings. This room is a really great thing. Be sure to take advantage of it! On a very limited basis, t...
{ "chat_turns": [ "<document>\n{{DOC}}\n</document>\n\nEdit this text by removing one section from it (the least necessary), you may only make minimal modifications to adjacent sections for better flow.\nOutput the full new text with no extra statements or commentations.\nBegin directly with the text itself. Do n...
Education & Jobs
Customer Support
The TA office is a place for TAs to work quietly on assignment development, grading, and quiet TA-related work in small groups. It is also a room where TAs can go to get their own work done during the day and in the evenings. On a very limited basis, the room can also be reserved for grading meetings when private lab ...
gpt-5.6-sol
{"reasoning_effort": "none"}
The TA office is a place for TAs to work quietly on assignment development, grading, and quiet TA-related work in small groups. It is also a room where TAs can go to get their own work done during the day and in the evenings. On a very limited basis, the room can also be reserved for grading meetings when private lab s...
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Policy Against Sex Discrimination and Sexual Harassment* Worcester State University prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 mandates that no person on the basis of sex may be denied benefits or otherwise discriminated against in any program or activity of the Univer...
{ "chat_turns": [ "<document>\n{{DOC}}\n</document>\n\nChange the tone of this text to be more objective and unbiased.\nOutput the full new text with no extra statements or commentations.\nBegin directly with the text itself. Do not add a title, a heading, or a label naming what you have written.", "{{RESP_0}...
Education & Jobs
Legal Notices
Worcester State University prohibits discrimination based on sex or gender. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 provides that no person may, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, denied the benefits of, or subjected to discrimination under any University program or activity. These programs an...
Worcester State University prohibits discrimination based on sex or gender. Under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, no person may, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, denied the benefits of, or subjected to discrimination in any University program or activity. These programs and activiti...
gpt-5.6-sol
{"reasoning_effort": "none"}
Worcester State University prohibits discrimination based on sex or gender. Under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, no person may, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, denied the benefits of, or subjected to discrimination in any University program or activity. These programs and activiti...
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An Ohio judge has deemed Cleveland's school-choice program constitutional, opening the door for 2,000 low-income children to enroll in private and religious schools at state expense. In a case being watched nationwide, Judge Lisa Sadler of Franklin County Common Pleas Court in Columbus ruled that the Cleveland voucher ...
{ "chat_turns": [ "<document>\n{{DOC}}\n</document>\n\nWrite a detailed rebuttal or critique challenging the core ideas, themes, or facts presented in this text, using the same language and roughly matching the intellectual level of the text.\nOutput the full new text with no extra statements or commentations.\nB...
Education & Jobs
News Article
An Ohio trial judge’s decision to uphold Cleveland’s school-voucher program may allow 2,000 low-income children to attend private and religious schools at public expense, but it does not settle the program’s constitutional or educational legitimacy. The ruling rests on the disputed premise that public aid reaching sect...
gpt-5.6-sol
{"reasoning_effort": "none"}
An Ohio trial judge’s decision to uphold Cleveland’s school-voucher program may allow 2,000 low-income children to attend private and religious schools at public expense, but it does not settle the program’s constitutional or educational legitimacy. The ruling rests on the disputed premise that public aid reaching sect...
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Students in the Crookston, MN area, have a few schools to choose from if they want to stay within an hour's drive of the town. Based on statistics from the National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES), you can find out more details about these schools. Closest Schools to Crookston, MN The closest schools to Crooks...
{ "chat_turns": [ "<document>\n{{DOC}}\n</document>\n\nWrite a different piece of text on the same topic.\nOutput the full new text with no extra statements or commentations.\nBegin directly with the text itself. Do not add a title, a heading, or a label naming what you have written.\nThe final text must have the...
Education & Jobs
Structured Data
{ "location": { "city": "Crookston", "state": "Minnesota", "search_radius": "Approximately one hour by car" }, "data_source": "National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)", "schools": [ { "name": "University of Minnesota-Crookston", "city": "Crookston", "distance_miles": 0,...
gpt-5.6-sol
{"reasoning_effort": "none"}
{ "location": { "city": "Crookston", "state": "Minnesota", "search_radius": "Approximately one hour by car" }, "data_source": "National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)", "schools": [ { "name": "University of Minnesota-Crookston", "city": "Crookston", "distance_miles": 0, "institution_type": "Public 4-year univer...
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Deezer has announced a partnership with Feature.fm, the advertising network through which artists can promote their music inside streaming services. Available to all artists, the scheme enables them to advertise their songs as sponsored content within Deezer’s free-to-use platform, guaranteeing that a targeted audience...
{ "chat_turns": [ "<document>\n{{DOC}}\n</document>\n\nWrite a piece of text in the same style and language as this text, but is directly contrasting to the themes, ideas, and/or details in this text.\nOutput the full new text with no extra statements or commentations.\nBegin directly with the text itself. Do not...
Entertainment
News Article
Deezer has ended its partnership with Feature.fm, the advertising network through which artists promoted their music inside streaming services. Effective immediately, the scheme will no longer enable artists to advertise songs as sponsored content within Deezer’s free-to-use platform. The streaming company said it wou...
gpt-5.6-sol
{"reasoning_effort": "none"}
Deezer has ended its partnership with Feature.fm, the advertising network through which artists promoted their music inside streaming services. Effective immediately, the scheme will no longer enable artists to advertise songs as sponsored content within Deezer’s free-to-use platform. The streaming company said it woul...
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Oprah is quitting. She's been on the air for 25 years, and it literally never once occurred to me that at some point she would probably get tired of being on the air every freaking day. The woman has 70 bajillion dollars and awesome dogs and a best friend who gets to go on the red carpet for reasons I don't understand...
{ "chat_turns": [ "<document>\n{{DOC}}\n</document>\n\nCreate a prompt that might cause an LLM to generate an output resembling this text.\nDo not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.", "{{RESP_0}}\nOutput only the generated text with no extra comme...
Entertainment
Personal Blog
Write a first-person comedic blog post reacting to Oprah Winfrey’s retirement after 25 years on television. Use an irreverent, affectionate, conversational voice with hyperbole, rhetorical questions, mild profanity, celebrity references, and playful admiration of her wealth, influence, friendships, magazine, and abilit...
Oprah is retiring after 25 years on television, which means daytime TV is about to lose its sun, moon, weather system, and primary distributor of free cars. Twenty-five years! That’s not a talk-show run; that’s a dynasty with throw pillows. Oprah interviewed everybody, launched half the people currently giving life ad...
gpt-5.6-sol
{"reasoning_effort": "none"}
Oprah is retiring after 25 years on television, which means daytime TV is about to lose its sun, moon, weather system, and primary distributor of free cars. Twenty-five years! That’s not a talk-show run; that’s a dynasty with throw pillows. Oprah interviewed everybody, launched half the people currently giving life adv...
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Whether you’re a herbivore, omnivore or something in between, everyone should be aware of their B12 intake. What’s the deal with B12? B12 is one of the cornerstones of life but this essential vitamin often receives some bad press in association with vegetarian and vegan diets. One of the biggest myths is that B12 comes...
{ "chat_turns": [ "<document>\n{{DOC}}\n</document>\n\nChange the tone of this text to be more inspiring and motivational.\nOutput the full new text with no extra statements or commentations.\nBegin directly with the text itself. Do not add a title, a heading, or a label naming what you have written.\nThe final t...
Health
Knowledge Article
Whether you’re a herbivore, omnivore, or somewhere in between, understanding your vitamin B12 needs is a positive step towards protecting your long-term health. B12 is one of the cornerstones of life. Although this essential vitamin is often discussed in relation to vegetarian and vegan diets, it is important to remem...
gpt-5.6-sol
{"reasoning_effort": "none"}
Whether you’re a herbivore, omnivore, or somewhere in between, understanding your vitamin B12 needs is a positive step towards protecting your long-term health. B12 is one of the cornerstones of life. Although this essential vitamin is often discussed in relation to vegetarian and vegan diets, it is important to rememb...
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“A THOUSAND shall fall beside thee, and ten thousand at thy right hand: but it shall not come nigh thee.” The promise of immunity in Psalm 91 was sung by the choir of Westminster Abbey on Thursday night last week, on the eve of the centenary of the Battle of the Somme. By the end of 1 July 1916, nearly 20,000 Allied so...
{ "chat_turns": [ "<document>\n{{DOC}}\n</document>\n\nEdit this text by removing one section from it (the least necessary), you may only make minimal modifications to adjacent sections for better flow.\nOutput the full new text with no extra statements or commentations.\nBegin directly with the text itself. Do n...
History
News Article
“A THOUSAND shall fall beside thee, and ten thousand at thy right hand: but it shall not come nigh thee.” The promise of immunity in Psalm 91 was sung by the choir of Westminster Abbey on Thursday night last week, on the eve of the centenary of the Battle of the Somme. By the end of 1 July 1916, nearly 20,000 Allied s...
“A THOUSAND shall fall beside thee, and ten thousand at thy right hand: but it shall not come nigh thee.” Psalm 91’s promise of protection rang through Westminster Abbey on Thursday night last week, during a service held on the eve of the centenary of the Battle of the Somme. By the end of 1 July 1916, nearly 20,000 A...
gpt-5.6-sol
{"reasoning_effort": "none"}
“A THOUSAND shall fall beside thee, and ten thousand at thy right hand: but it shall not come nigh thee.” Psalm 91’s promise of protection rang through Westminster Abbey on Thursday night last week, during a service held on the eve of the centenary of the Battle of the Somme. By the end of 1 July 1916, nearly 20,000 Al...
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The army was tight-lipped, saying only that after completing the tests it had handed over a "safe parcel of land" to Walbrzych municipal authorities. "The army's job is done as we're not in the business of treasure hunting," Poland's Defence Minister Tomasz Siemoniak said, quoted by the Polish PAP news agency. Both mil...
{ "chat_turns": [ "<document>\n{{DOC}}\n</document>\n\nRewrite exactly one section of this text so that its wording is entirely new, and leave every other section untouched. The rewritten section must share no sentence with the original.\nOutput the full new text with no extra statements or commentations.\nBegin ...
History
News Article
The army remained guarded, revealing only that, once its examination was finished, the area was deemed secure and returned to the municipal authorities in Walbrzych. "The army's job is done as we're not in the business of treasure hunting," Poland's Defence Minister Tomasz Siemoniak said, quoted by the Polish PAP news...
gpt-5.6-sol
{"reasoning_effort": "none"}
The army remained guarded, revealing only that, once its examination was finished, the area was deemed secure and returned to the municipal authorities in Walbrzych. "The army's job is done as we're not in the business of treasure hunting," Poland's Defence Minister Tomasz Siemoniak said, quoted by the Polish PAP news ...
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Animal welfare is increasing in importance in agricultural systems in many countries around the world. As the 13th edition of the IDF Animal Health Report is released, Louise Winblad of Växa Sverige reflects on why information on animal welfare should be communicated globally, and shares details on some of the case stu...
{ "chat_turns": [ "<document>\n{{DOC}}\n</document>\n\nClarify this text by defining any terms that might be unclear to the reader.\nOutput the full new text with no extra statements or commentations.\nBegin directly with the text itself. Do not add a title, a heading, or a label naming what you have written.", ...
Industrial
Knowledge Article
Animal welfare—the physical and mental well-being of animals—is becoming increasingly important in agricultural systems in many countries. With the release of the 13th edition of the International Dairy Federation (IDF) Animal Health Report, Louise Winblad of Växa Sverige, a Swedish organization that provides advice an...
Animal welfare, understood as the physical and psychological well-being of animals, has assumed increasing importance within agricultural systems worldwide. Following the publication of the 13th edition of the International Dairy Federation (IDF) Animal Health Report, Louise Winblad of Växa Sverige, a Swedish organizat...
gpt-5.6-sol
{"reasoning_effort": "none"}
Animal welfare, understood as the physical and psychological well-being of animals, has assumed increasing importance within agricultural systems worldwide. Following the publication of the 13th edition of the International Dairy Federation (IDF) Animal Health Report, Louise Winblad of Växa Sverige, a Swedish organizat...
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0.141663
0.167321
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0.058637
0.137876
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17.479132
2.738711
0.055468
0.115689
-1.449263
10.45818
2.207672
0.050847
0.066102
-2.44508
8.743706
2.276833
0.037288
0.058475
1.961352
0.880632
0.87831
0
0.011493
1
0.268389
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0.003894
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0.668651
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0.002349
1
0.366832
0
0.000983
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0.242613
0.051845
0.999979
0.018547
0.999995
0.026759
1
0.008577
0.642432
0.012821
0.566978
0.004059
0.222656
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1
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Our Vitrified Diamond grinding wheels are proven winners for grinding difficult materials in sensitive applications like flame sprayed materials and PCD & PCBN. We divide our vitrified diamond product line into 2 categories: Ceramics and Diamond. For ceramic based materials our HP bond system is the right choice. This ...
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Industrial
Product Page
The author is likely a technical marketing writer, sales engineer, or product specialist at a manufacturer of superabrasive grinding wheels. They are preparing product-page or brochure copy aimed at industrial customers who grind exceptionally hard, brittle, or expensive materials—particularly ceramics, flame-sprayed c...
Our vitrified diamond wheels are proven winners in some of the most demanding grinding applications, including ceramics, flame-sprayed coatings, PCD and PCBN. For ceramic-based materials, our HP bond system offers fast stock removal and excellent grind ratios. HP-bond wheels can be rotary dressed and are available in ...
gpt-5.6-sol
{"reasoning_effort": "none"}
Our vitrified diamond wheels are proven winners in some of the most demanding grinding applications, including ceramics, flame-sprayed coatings, PCD and PCBN. For ceramic-based materials, our HP bond system offers fast stock removal and excellent grind ratios. HP-bond wheels can be rotary dressed and are available in c...
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End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
Auto-generated FastDetector dataset

Fastdetector Test Stat Test Mini

Best detector
Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B (QLoRA-style LoRA, bf16 base)
0.7909 TPR @ 1% FPR
Hardest prompt subset
rewrite
0.4545 max detector TPR @ 1% FPR
Hardest generator config
claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)
0.6000 max detector TPR @ 1% FPR
220
rows
11
generator configs
4
prompt subsets
22
detectors
01

Detector leaderboard

Score-based detectors ranked by overall AUROC. Thresholds are placed exactly on every human score, so TPR is reported at a true 1% and 0.1% false positive rate. Open a row for its per-subset table, threshold sweep, its TPR as AI rows with low cosdist are dropped or relabelled human, and its score distributions.

01Trained detector: Gemma-3-27B (QLoRA, hard labels)N440AUROC0.9562TPR @ 1% FPR0.7818TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.7636⌄
1% FPR threshold 0.78790.1% FPR threshold 0.9050
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.95620.78180.7636
prompt ● direct_reference1100.99540.92730.9273
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.97750.78180.7636
prompt ● revise1100.98930.96360.9636
prompt ● rewrite ▼ worst1100.87060.45450.4000
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown) ▲ best401.00001.00001.0000
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.91000.75000.7500
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.91000.50000.5000
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown)400.95250.80000.7500
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown)400.96000.85000.8500
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.95750.75000.6500
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown)400.97000.80000.8000
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown)400.96000.75000.7500
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.91750.65000.6500
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.96250.85000.8000
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.99500.90000.9000

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: Trained detector: Gemma-3-27B (QLoRA, hard labels)

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Gemma-3-27B (QLoRA, hard labels): TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Gemma-3-27B (QLoRA, hard labels): performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

Trained detector: Gemma-3-27B (QLoRA, hard labels): overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Gemma-3-27B (QLoRA, hard labels): overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Gemma-3-27B (QLoRA, hard labels): prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Gemma-3-27B (QLoRA, hard labels): generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

02Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B (QLoRA-style LoRA, bf16 base)N440AUROC0.9523TPR @ 1% FPR0.7909TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.5864⌄
1% FPR threshold 0.78300.1% FPR threshold 0.9999
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.95230.79090.5864
prompt ● direct_reference1100.98080.90910.8182
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.97160.81820.5818
prompt ● revise ▲ best1100.99340.98180.7818
prompt ● rewrite ▼ worst1100.87590.45450.1636
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown)401.00000.95000.7000
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.95750.75000.5000
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.93000.60000.3500
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown)400.95500.80000.7500
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown)400.91880.80000.6500
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.93630.75000.4500
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown)400.97750.90000.6500
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown)400.96250.80000.7000
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.91250.65000.4500
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.94750.80000.5000
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.96750.90000.7500

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B (QLoRA-style LoRA, bf16 base)

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B (QLoRA-style LoRA, bf16 base): TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B (QLoRA-style LoRA, bf16 base): performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B (QLoRA-style LoRA, bf16 base): overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B (QLoRA-style LoRA, bf16 base): overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B (QLoRA-style LoRA, bf16 base): prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B (QLoRA-style LoRA, bf16 base): generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

03Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B soft labels (soft_ai)N440AUROC0.9492TPR @ 1% FPR0.7727TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.6682⌄
1% FPR threshold 0.43810.1% FPR threshold 0.5713
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.94920.77270.6682
prompt ● direct_reference1100.98550.90910.9091
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.96760.80000.7091
prompt ● revise ▲ best1100.99170.98180.8364
prompt ● rewrite ▼ worst1100.86020.40000.2182
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown)401.00000.95000.8000
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.94500.75000.5500
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.94000.55000.4000
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown)400.94250.80000.7500
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown)400.90000.80000.8000
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.90750.70000.6500
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown)400.97250.85000.7000
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown)400.98250.75000.7500
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.91000.70000.5500
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.95250.80000.6000
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.96880.85000.8000

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B soft labels (soft_ai)

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B soft labels (soft_ai): TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B soft labels (soft_ai): performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B soft labels (soft_ai): overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B soft labels (soft_ai): overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B soft labels (soft_ai): prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B soft labels (soft_ai): generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

04Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B soft labels (soft_ai)N440AUROC0.9364TPR @ 1% FPR0.7227TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.6636⌄
1% FPR threshold 0.37750.1% FPR threshold 0.5122
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.93640.72270.6636
prompt ● direct_reference1100.99220.89090.8909
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.94530.74550.6909
prompt ● revise1100.98780.90910.8364
prompt ● rewrite ▼ worst1100.83870.34550.2364
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown) ▲ best401.00000.95000.8000
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.89500.60000.5000
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.92630.50000.4500
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown)400.92500.80000.7500
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown)400.94130.75000.7500
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.87250.65000.6500
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown)400.96750.80000.7500
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown)400.96250.75000.7000
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.87120.60000.5500
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.93750.70000.6000
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.99000.85000.8000

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B soft labels (soft_ai)

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B soft labels (soft_ai): TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B soft labels (soft_ai): performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B soft labels (soft_ai): overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B soft labels (soft_ai): overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B soft labels (soft_ai): prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B soft labels (soft_ai): generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

05Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B (QLoRA)N440AUROC0.9341TPR @ 1% FPR0.7318TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.7091⌄
1% FPR threshold 0.88640.1% FPR threshold 0.9607
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.93410.73180.7091
prompt ● direct_reference1100.97160.90910.8909
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.94810.70910.6727
prompt ● revise1100.98940.92730.8909
prompt ● rewrite ▼ worst1100.84580.38180.3818
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown) ▲ best401.00000.95000.9000
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.91500.65000.6000
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.86000.45000.4000
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown)400.92250.80000.7500
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown)400.91630.75000.7500
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.90250.75000.7000
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown)400.95000.75000.7500
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown)400.94500.75000.7500
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.89500.55000.5500
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.94250.75000.7500
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.98750.90000.9000

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B (QLoRA)

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B (QLoRA): TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B (QLoRA): performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B (QLoRA): overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B (QLoRA): overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B (QLoRA): prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B (QLoRA): generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

06Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B regression (reg_sqrt)N440AUROC0.9199TPR @ 1% FPR0.7136TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.6727⌄
1% FPR threshold 0.09720.1% FPR threshold 0.1187
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.91990.71360.6727
prompt ● direct_reference ▲ best1100.99010.90910.9091
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.93700.76360.7091
prompt ● revise1100.97060.89090.8727
prompt ● rewrite ▼ worst1100.80830.29090.2000
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown)400.99750.85000.7500
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.88000.60000.5500
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.93250.55000.5000
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown)400.91250.80000.7500
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown)400.89750.75000.7500
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.87250.65000.6000
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown)400.96000.80000.7500
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown)400.95750.75000.7500
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.84750.60000.5500
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.93630.65000.6500
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.94250.85000.8000

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B regression (reg_sqrt)

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B regression (reg_sqrt): TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B regression (reg_sqrt): performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B regression (reg_sqrt): overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B regression (reg_sqrt): overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B regression (reg_sqrt): prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B regression (reg_sqrt): generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

07LLM judge: Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort, one shot)N440AUROC0.9186TPR @ 1% FPR0.6955TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.6955⌄
1% FPR threshold 0.20000.1% FPR threshold 0.2000
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.91860.69550.6955
prompt ● direct_reference ▲ best1100.98430.90910.9091
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.91550.67270.6727
prompt ● revise1100.98170.85450.8545
prompt ● rewrite ▼ worst1100.79470.34550.3455
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown)400.96250.75000.7500
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.88750.70000.7000
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.88870.55000.5500
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown)400.96000.85000.8500
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown)400.92000.80000.8000
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.89120.55000.5500
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown)400.93000.80000.8000
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown)400.94500.70000.7000
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.89120.55000.5500
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.91500.60000.6000
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.92000.80000.8000

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: LLM judge: Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort, one shot)

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

LLM judge: Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort, one shot): TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

LLM judge: Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort, one shot): performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

LLM judge: Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort, one shot): overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

LLM judge: Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort, one shot): overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

LLM judge: Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort, one shot): prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

LLM judge: Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort, one shot): generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

08Giga EditLens Llama-3.2-3B ScoreN440AUROC0.8846TPR @ 1% FPR0.5500TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.4727⌄
1% FPR threshold 0.07660.1% FPR threshold 0.1746
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.88460.55000.4727
prompt ● direct_reference1100.94080.76360.7091
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.88400.54550.4545
prompt ● revise ▲ best1100.97120.78180.6727
prompt ● rewrite ▼ worst1100.74020.10910.0545
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown)400.95250.65000.6000
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.85750.35000.3000
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.78500.30000.2500
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown)400.91750.75000.6000
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown)400.87750.70000.6500
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.83250.35000.3000
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown)400.91250.65000.5500
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown)400.91000.65000.6000
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.82500.45000.3500
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.94250.65000.4500
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.94250.55000.5500

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: Giga EditLens Llama-3.2-3B Score

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

Giga EditLens Llama-3.2-3B Score: TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

Giga EditLens Llama-3.2-3B Score: performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

Giga EditLens Llama-3.2-3B Score: overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

Giga EditLens Llama-3.2-3B Score: overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

Giga EditLens Llama-3.2-3B Score: prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

Giga EditLens Llama-3.2-3B Score: generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

09EditLens Llama-3.2-3B ScoreN440AUROC0.8689TPR @ 1% FPR0.4773TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.2182⌄
1% FPR threshold 0.27040.1% FPR threshold 0.4905
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.86890.47730.2182
prompt ● direct_reference1100.91640.69090.3818
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.86710.45450.2000
prompt ● revise ▲ best1100.95600.70910.2909
prompt ● rewrite ▼ worst1100.72100.05450.0000
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown)400.90500.55000.3000
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.80750.25000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.83750.30000.0500
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown)400.90250.70000.2000
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown)400.88250.60000.2000
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.80000.25000.1000
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown)400.90500.55000.2500
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown)400.91750.65000.4000
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.82500.30000.2000
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.86250.50000.2500
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.94000.60000.4500

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: EditLens Llama-3.2-3B Score

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

EditLens Llama-3.2-3B Score: TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

EditLens Llama-3.2-3B Score: performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

EditLens Llama-3.2-3B Score: overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

EditLens Llama-3.2-3B Score: overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

EditLens Llama-3.2-3B Score: prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

EditLens Llama-3.2-3B Score: generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

10Giga EditLens Roberta ScoreN440AUROC0.8446TPR @ 1% FPR0.4955TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.4909⌄
1% FPR threshold 0.16720.1% FPR threshold 0.2062
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.84460.49550.4909
prompt ● direct_reference1100.91570.61820.6182
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.87740.50910.5091
prompt ● revise ▲ best1100.93850.78180.7636
prompt ● rewrite ▼ worst1100.63210.07270.0727
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown)400.90500.60000.6000
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.72000.15000.1500
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.77750.40000.4000
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown)400.85500.70000.7000
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown)400.91130.65000.6500
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.86250.30000.3000
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown)400.88250.55000.5500
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown)400.87000.65000.6500
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.74120.35000.3500
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.89750.50000.4500
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.86500.60000.6000

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: Giga EditLens Roberta Score

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

Giga EditLens Roberta Score: TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

Giga EditLens Roberta Score: performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

Giga EditLens Roberta Score: overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

Giga EditLens Roberta Score: overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

Giga EditLens Roberta Score: prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

Giga EditLens Roberta Score: generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

11EditLens Roberta-Large ScoreN440AUROC0.8301TPR @ 1% FPR0.3909TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.3091⌄
1% FPR threshold 0.33280.1% FPR threshold 0.4226
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.83010.39090.3091
prompt ● direct_reference1100.87240.49090.4545
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.85120.41820.2909
prompt ● revise1100.96200.61820.4545
prompt ● rewrite ▼ worst1100.62910.03640.0364
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown)400.90000.50000.4500
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.74750.10000.1000
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.77000.15000.0500
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown)400.89250.55000.4500
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown) ▲ best400.87630.75000.6500
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.73000.25000.1500
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown)400.80250.30000.1500
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown)400.86250.60000.5000
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.81630.25000.2000
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.79500.30000.2500
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.87750.55000.4500

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: EditLens Roberta-Large Score

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

EditLens Roberta-Large Score: TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

EditLens Roberta-Large Score: performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

EditLens Roberta-Large Score: overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

EditLens Roberta-Large Score: overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

EditLens Roberta-Large Score: prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

EditLens Roberta-Large Score: generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

12BinocularsN440AUROC0.6028TPR @ 1% FPR0.0682TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.0273⌄
1% FPR threshold 0.93140.1% FPR threshold 0.9597
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.60280.06820.0273
prompt ● direct_reference1100.69290.09090.0182
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.56790.05450.0182
prompt ● revise1100.59540.10910.0545
prompt ● rewrite1100.56170.01820.0182
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown) ▼ worst400.57250.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.52750.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.54500.00000.0000
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown)400.60000.00000.0000
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown)400.63250.10000.0500
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.55000.10000.0000
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown)400.58750.15000.0500
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown) ▲ best400.60750.20000.1000
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.50500.10000.0000
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.66500.00000.0000
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.84500.10000.1000

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: Binoculars

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

Binoculars: TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

Binoculars: performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

Binoculars: overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

Binoculars: overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

Binoculars: prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

Binoculars: generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

13Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B)N440AUROC0.5626TPR @ 1% FPR0.0227TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.0000⌄
1% FPR threshold 0.01820.1% FPR threshold 0.0074
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.56260.02270.0000
prompt ● direct_reference1100.59850.03640.0000
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.61930.05450.0000
prompt ● revise1100.61400.00000.0000
prompt ● rewrite1100.43700.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown) ▲ best400.60750.10000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown) ▼ worst400.56250.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.66000.00000.0000
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown)400.56500.00000.0000
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown)400.37750.00000.0000
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.49000.00000.0000
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown)400.62000.05000.0000
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown)400.56000.05000.0000
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.73880.00000.0000
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.55000.05000.0000
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.45750.00000.0000

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B)

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B): TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B): performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B): overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B): overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B): prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B): generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

14Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct)N440AUROC0.5517TPR @ 1% FPR0.0227TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.0227⌄
1% FPR threshold 1.35420.1% FPR threshold 1.3377
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.55170.02270.0227
prompt ● direct_reference1100.55070.01820.0182
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.60960.05450.0545
prompt ● revise1100.57620.01820.0182
prompt ● rewrite1100.47010.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown)400.63500.05000.0500
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown) ▼ worst400.55250.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.61750.05000.0500
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown)400.50750.00000.0000
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown)400.38000.05000.0500
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.58500.00000.0000
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown) ▲ best400.63750.10000.1000
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown)400.53750.00000.0000
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.51750.00000.0000
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.63250.00000.0000
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.50250.00000.0000

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct)

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

15Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct)N440AUROC0.5368TPR @ 1% FPR0.0182TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.0136⌄
1% FPR threshold 0.02480.1% FPR threshold 0.0205
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.53680.01820.0136
prompt ● direct_reference1100.55400.01820.0182
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.58580.05450.0364
prompt ● revise1100.54610.00000.0000
prompt ● rewrite1100.46000.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown) ▲ best400.64750.10000.0500
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown) ▼ worst400.51250.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.63250.05000.0500
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown)400.47250.00000.0000
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown)400.37750.05000.0500
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.56750.00000.0000
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown)400.57500.00000.0000
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown)400.51000.00000.0000
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.54500.00000.0000
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.68500.00000.0000
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.42250.00000.0000

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct)

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

16Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct)N440AUROC0.5360TPR @ 1% FPR0.0227TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.0136⌄
1% FPR threshold 4.69820.1% FPR threshold 4.1120
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.53600.02270.0136
prompt ● direct_reference1100.53090.01820.0182
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.60960.05450.0364
prompt ● revise1100.55110.01820.0000
prompt ● rewrite1100.46020.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown)400.60250.05000.0500
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown) ▼ worst400.57750.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.64750.05000.0000
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown)400.49250.00000.0000
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown)400.36250.05000.0500
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.57000.00000.0000
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown) ▲ best400.60750.10000.0500
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown)400.48250.00000.0000
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.53250.00000.0000
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.64250.00000.0000
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.43250.00000.0000

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct)

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

17Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B)N440AUROC0.5022TPR @ 1% FPR0.0273TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.0000⌄
1% FPR threshold 3.73400.1% FPR threshold 1.2068
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.50220.02730.0000
prompt ● direct_reference1100.47570.01820.0000
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.56930.05450.0000
prompt ● revise1100.51740.03640.0000
prompt ● rewrite1100.44760.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown)400.58750.10000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown) ▼ worst400.56250.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.62000.05000.0000
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown)400.46250.00000.0000
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown)400.32500.05000.0000
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.55000.00000.0000
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown) ▲ best400.59000.10000.0000
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown)400.46250.00000.0000
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.51500.00000.0000
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.55500.00000.0000
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.36500.00000.0000

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B)

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B): TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B): performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B): overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B): overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B): prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B): generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

18Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B)N440AUROC0.4963TPR @ 1% FPR0.0091TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.0000⌄
1% FPR threshold 0.01660.1% FPR threshold 0.0039
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.49630.00910.0000
prompt ● direct_reference1100.50080.00000.0000
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.55600.03640.0000
prompt ● revise1100.48790.00000.0000
prompt ● rewrite1100.43880.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown) ▼ worst400.60750.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.52500.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.59750.05000.0000
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown)400.41500.00000.0000
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown) ▲ best400.30000.05000.0000
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.56500.00000.0000
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown)400.59750.00000.0000
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown)400.46500.00000.0000
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.48750.00000.0000
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.59750.00000.0000
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.32250.00000.0000

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B)

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B): TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B): performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B): overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B): overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B): prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B): generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

19Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B)N440AUROC0.4866TPR @ 1% FPR0.0227TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.0000⌄
1% FPR threshold 1.32340.1% FPR threshold 0.2294
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.48660.02270.0000
prompt ● direct_reference1100.43970.01820.0000
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.52990.03640.0000
prompt ● revise1100.50810.03640.0000
prompt ● rewrite1100.46640.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown)400.56250.05000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown) ▼ worst400.53500.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.58500.05000.0000
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown)400.44750.00000.0000
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown)400.36500.05000.0000
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.52250.00000.0000
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown) ▲ best400.57750.10000.0000
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown)400.44000.00000.0000
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.46250.00000.0000
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.50000.00000.0000
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.40500.00000.0000

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B)

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B): TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B): performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B): overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B): overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B): prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B): generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

20Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct)N440AUROC0.4677TPR @ 1% FPR0.0091TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.0045⌄
1% FPR threshold 0.02790.1% FPR threshold 0.0000
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.46770.00910.0045
prompt ● direct_reference1100.39980.01820.0000
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.49010.01820.0182
prompt ● revise1100.50280.00000.0000
prompt ● rewrite1100.48890.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown) ▼ worst400.40750.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.42250.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.53000.00000.0000
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown)400.51750.05000.0500
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown)400.48250.00000.0000
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.51000.00000.0000
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown) ▲ best400.45500.05000.0000
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown)400.44750.00000.0000
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.58250.00000.0000
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.40880.00000.0000
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.34500.00000.0000

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct)

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

21FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct)N440AUROC0.4509TPR @ 1% FPR0.0136TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.0091⌄
1% FPR threshold 1.86650.1% FPR threshold 2.1883
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.45090.01360.0091
prompt ● direct_reference1100.44930.01820.0182
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.46380.00000.0000
prompt ● revise1100.42250.00000.0000
prompt ● rewrite1100.48030.03640.0182
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown) ▼ worst400.45750.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.41250.05000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.41000.05000.0500
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown) ▲ best400.53500.05000.0500
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown)400.51500.00000.0000
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.39750.00000.0000
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown)400.37750.00000.0000
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown)400.46500.00000.0000
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.54500.00000.0000
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.42250.00000.0000
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.39250.00000.0000

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct)

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct): generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

22FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B)N440AUROC0.4426TPR @ 1% FPR0.0182TPR @ 0.1% FPR0.0091⌄
1% FPR threshold -2.59600.1% FPR threshold -3.1171
SubsetNAUROCTPR @ 1% FPRTPR @ 0.1% FPR
Overall4400.44260.01820.0091
prompt ● direct_reference1100.40400.01820.0000
prompt ● indirect_reference1100.31400.00000.0000
prompt ● revise1100.45450.03640.0364
prompt ● rewrite1100.57420.01820.0000
gen ● claude-opus-4-5-20251101 (Temp: Unknown) ▼ worst400.44500.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.42750.00000.0000
gen ● claude-opus-5-5 (Temp: Unknown)400.30750.05000.0000
gen ● gemini-3.1-pro-preview (Temp: Unknown)400.38000.00000.0000
gen ● gemini-3.8-flash (Temp: Unknown) ▲ best400.71000.10000.0500
gen ● gpt-5.4 (Temp: Unknown)400.35500.00000.0000
gen ● gpt-5.6-sol (Temp: Unknown)400.39000.00000.0000
gen ● grok-4.3 (Temp: Unknown)400.41250.05000.0500
gen ● kimi-k3 (Temp: Unknown)400.37250.00000.0000
gen ● minimax-m3 (Temp: Unknown)400.34500.00000.0000
gen ● qwen3.7-max (Temp: Unknown)400.72000.00000.0000

Every subset is scored at the corpus-wide thresholds above, so its own false positive rate can differ from the budget. ▲ and ▼ mark the subsets with the highest and lowest TPR @ 1% FPR.

Threshold sweep: FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B)

TPR and FPR at every threshold · both FPR operating points markedOpen full size ↗

FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B): TPR against minimum cosdist

AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are dropped · human rows and thresholds are unchangedOpen full size ↗

FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B): performance over different AI class thresholds

Performance over different AI class thresholds · AI rows with cosdist below the cutoff are relabelled human, the 1% FPR threshold is refitted on that larger human pool, and TPR is read on the rows still labelled AI · AUC is the mean TPR over the cutoff rangeOpen full size ↗

Score distributions

FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B): overall human

Overall · human onlyOpen full size ↗

FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B): overall AI

Overall · AI onlyOpen full size ↗

FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B): prompt subsets

AI texts · one envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B): generator subsets

AI texts · one envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

02

How far do the rewrites move?

Every distance measure between each source and its rewrite: overall, then with every prompt subset and every generator config overlaid on one chart each.

jaccard_1overall · prompt subsets · generator configs⌄
jaccard_1: prompt subsets

One envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

jaccard_1: generator configs

One envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

jaccard_2overall · prompt subsets · generator configs⌄
jaccard_2: prompt subsets

One envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

jaccard_2: generator configs

One envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

levenshteinoverall · prompt subsets · generator configs⌄
levenshtein: prompt subsets

One envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

levenshtein: generator configs

One envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

softngramoverall · prompt subsets · generator configs⌄
softngram: prompt subsets

One envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

softngram: generator configs

One envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

cosdistoverall · prompt subsets · generator configs⌄
cosdist: prompt subsets

One envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

cosdist: generator configs

One envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

bertscoreoverall · prompt subsets · generator configs⌄
bertscore: prompt subsets

One envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

bertscore: generator configs

One envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

bertscore_precisionoverall · prompt subsets · generator configs⌄
bertscore_precision: prompt subsets

One envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

bertscore_precision: generator configs

One envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

bertscore_recalloverall · prompt subsets · generator configs⌄
bertscore_recall: prompt subsets

One envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

bertscore_recall: generator configs

One envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

moverscoreoverall · prompt subsets · generator configs⌄
moverscore: prompt subsets

One envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

moverscore: generator configs

One envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

rerankeroverall · prompt subsets · generator configs⌄
reranker: prompt subsets

One envelope per prompt subsetOpen full size ↗

reranker: generator configs

One envelope per generator configOpen full size ↗

03

Appendix

Reference material: how the dataset was built and evaluated, its schema and loading code, univariate statistics, cross-statistic correlations, and the link to the per-model analytics page.

How the dataset was built11 generator configs · 4 prompt subsets · evaluation protocol⌄

Every row pairs original (Human) and final_response (AI): a human-written source and the text a generator model produced from it. Inclusion filtering happens while the dataset is built, so this report evaluates the published corpus exactly as it is.

Generator configs

Generator modelTempSamplingRowsShare
claude-opus-4-5-20251101—type disabled209.1%
claude-opus-5—type disabled209.1%
claude-opus-5-5—effort low209.1%
gemini-3.1-pro-preview—thinking_level low209.1%
gemini-3.8-flash—thinking_level low209.1%
gpt-5.4—reasoning_effort none209.1%
gpt-5.6-sol—reasoning_effort none209.1%
x-ai/grok-4.3—enabled False · max_completion_tokens 16000209.1%
moonshotai/kimi-k3—enabled False · max_completion_tokens 16000209.1%
minimax/minimax-m3—enabled False · max_completion_tokens 16000209.1%
qwen/qwen3.7-max—enabled False · max_completion_tokens 16000209.1%
Total220100%

Prompt subsets

Instructions are grouped by their first message. Counts cover all 220 rows.

direct_reference55 rows
single-turn · 38 instructions
Show the 38 instructions ▾
  • 3× Take inspiration from the style, language, and content of this text, and write a new piece of text on a topic of your choice. However, you should make sure there are slight, subtle grammatical mistakes, to make it sound like it was written by a human.
  • 3× Take inspiration from the style, language, and content of this text, and write a new piece of text on a topic of your choice. However, you should use varied sentence lengths, and remove all common AI buzzwords such as 'tapestry', 'delve', or 'testament', to ensure that it sounds like it was written by a human.
  • 3× Write another piece of text that is of a similar theme or background as this text. The final text must have the format <<format>> and topic <<topic>>.
  • 3× Write another piece of text that resembles the style and language of this text. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 2× Take a subpoint within this text and write a full new text about it, using the language and wording from the text as appropriate.
  • 2× Take inspiration from the style, language, and content of this text, and write a new piece of text on a topic of your choice. However, you should make sure there are slight, subtle grammatical mistakes, to make it sound like it was written by a human. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 2× Take inspiration from the style, language, and content of this text, and write a new piece of text on a topic of your choice. However, you should use varied sentence lengths, and remove all common AI buzzwords such as 'tapestry', 'delve', or 'testament', to ensure that it sounds like it was written by a human. The final text must have the format <<format>>.
  • 2× Take inspiration from the style, language, and content of this text, and write a new piece of text on a topic of your choice. However, you should write the new text as if it was a rough draft being typed out on a phone.
  • 2× Write a different piece of text on the same topic. The final text must have the format <<format>>.
  • 2× Write a followup to this piece of text, in the same style and language as the text. The final text must have the format <<format>> and topic <<topic>>.
  • 2× Write another piece of text that is of a similar theme or background as this text. The final text must have the format <<format>>.
  • 2× Write another piece of text that resembles the style and language of this text.
  • 2× Write another piece of text that resembles the style and language of this text. The final text must have the format <<format>> and topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Take a subpoint within this text and write a full new text about it, using the language and wording from the text as appropriate. The final text must have the format <<format>> and topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Take inspiration from the style, language, and content of this text, and write a new piece of text on a topic of your choice. However, you should make sure there are slight, subtle grammatical mistakes, to make it sound like it was written by a human. The final text must have the format <<format>>.
  • 1× Take inspiration from the style, language, and content of this text, and write a new piece of text on a topic of your choice. However, you should use varied sentence lengths, and remove all common AI buzzwords such as 'tapestry', 'delve', or 'testament', to ensure that it sounds like it was written by a human. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Take inspiration from the style, language, and content of this text, and write a new piece of text on a topic of your choice. However, you should write the new text as if it was a rough draft being typed out on a phone. The final text must have the format <<format>> and topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Take inspiration from the style, language, and content of this text, and write a new piece of text on a topic of your choice. However, you should write the new text as if it was a rough draft being typed out on a phone. The final text must have the format <<format>>.
  • 1× Write a detailed rebuttal or critique challenging the core ideas, themes, or facts presented in this text, using the same language and roughly matching the intellectual level of the text.
  • 1× Write a detailed rebuttal or critique challenging the core ideas, themes, or facts presented in this text, using the same language and roughly matching the intellectual level of the text. The final text must have the format <<format>> and topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Write a different piece of text on the same topic.
  • 1× Write a different piece of text on the same topic. The final text must have the format <<format>> and topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Write a different piece of text on the same topic. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Write a new piece of text that is on a completely different topic, but reuses verbatim as many phrases and sentences from this text as possible. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Write a new piece of text that uses this text as a citation or reference.
  • 1× Write a new piece of text that uses this text as a citation or reference. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Write a piece of text in the same style and language as this text, but is directly contrasting to the themes, ideas, and/or details in this text.
  • 1× Write a piece of text in the same style and language as this text, but is directly contrasting to the themes, ideas, and/or details in this text. The final text must have the format <<format>> and topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Write a piece of text in the same style and language as this text, but is directly contrasting to the themes, ideas, and/or details in this text. The final text must have the format <<format>>.
  • 1× Write a piece of text with a different topic that the author of this text might write about. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Write a prequel to this text, describing the events, thoughts, or historical context that immediately led up to this piece being written, making sure to use similar language and wording as the author, as if it was written by the author.
  • 1× Write a prequel to this text, describing the events, thoughts, or historical context that immediately led up to this piece being written, making sure to use similar language and wording as the author, as if it was written by the author. The final text must have the format <<format>> and topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Write a prequel to this text, describing the events, thoughts, or historical context that immediately led up to this piece being written, making sure to use similar language and wording as the author, as if it was written by the author. The final text must have the format <<format>>.
  • 1× Write an alternate version of this text, it should follow the style and format of the original text.
  • 1× Write an alternate version of this text, it should follow the style and format of the original text. The final text must have the format <<format>> and topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Write an alternate version of this text, it should follow the style and format of the original text. The final text must have the format <<format>>.
  • 1× Write an alternate version of this text, it should follow the style and format of the original text. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Write another piece of text that is of a similar theme or background as this text. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
indirect_reference55 rows
two-turn · 22 instructions
Show the 22 instructions ▾
  • 6× Envision the scenario in which the author wrote this text. Describe that scenario in exhaustive detail. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
  • 4× Convert this text into a series of logical propositions or syllogisms that represent the core argument or narrative progression, stripped of all rhetorical flair. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
  • 4× Create a prompt that might cause an LLM to generate an output resembling this text. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
  • 4× Formulate a set of strict, absolute constraints regarding format, word count, vocabulary restrictions, and syntax rules that, if followed perfectly by an AI, would result in generating a text nearly identical to this one. Note that your response should be formatted as a prompt that would be sent to an AI requesting it to generate something, not just a list of rules. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
  • 4× Take this text and replace one word in every four with a single underscore (use one underscore for each removed word, never several in a row). This way, it will be appropriate for a FIM task. You may decide which words to replace. Reproduce the rest of the document in full, in its original order and paragraph structure. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
  • 4× This piece of text was cleverely generated by an LLM with a human supervising it so that the text seems authentic. Reverse engineer the process and come up with a prompt that is most probable to be the one used to generate the text. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
  • 3× Create a prompt that would allow an LLM to generate this text as accurately/verbatim as possible, without the prompt containing any of the actual text. That is, you must use descriptors to accurately describe the text to generate. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
  • 3× Translate the given text to French. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
  • 3× Write a detailed descriptor for the (imaginary) personality of the author who wrote this text, including their livelihood and day to day activities, as well as how that influences their writing. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
  • 3× Write a detailed descriptor for the manner in which the author of this uses language, and things such as their word choice. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
  • 2× Provide only the first and last word of every sentence in this text, replacing the middle of each sentence with an ellipsis '...'. Maintain the original paragraph structure. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
  • 2× Reformat this text into a sensible, structured JSON object. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
  • 2× Replace every verb in this text with the tag [VERB], keeping all nouns, adjectives, articles and punctuation exactly as they appear. Reproduce the document in full, in its original order and paragraph structure. Do not output a legend or a list of the tags you used. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
  • 2× Translate the given text to German. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
  • 2× Write a 'few-shot' prompt using minimal, fragmented excerpts from this text as examples. The prompt should be designed to teach an LLM the pattern needed to generate the rest of the text from scratch. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
  • 1× Create a detailed dictionary that fully describes all the meaningful phrases and words this author utilizes to create this text, and how the author utilizes those words and phrases, and why. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
  • 1× Create the shortest possible prompt that can be sent to an LLM to reproduce this text. The prompt may include verbatim pieces of the original text, however, it must be short and accurate, working as an effective compression of the original text. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
  • 1× Summarize this text, attempting to preserve as much of the original language of the text as possible. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
  • 1× Translate the given text to Chinese. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
  • 1× Translate the given text to Spanish. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
  • 1× Write a detailed descriptor for how this text is stylistically differentiated from other texts, including grammatical choices and word choices not present in other texts of this kind. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
  • 1× Write a detailed descriptor for the style of writing of this text, including its qualitative and quantitative properties. Do not output anything besides what you were requested to write, and do not output any extra commentary.
revise55 rows
32 single · 23 two-turn · 46 instructions
Show the 46 instructions ▾
  • 3× Change the tone of this text to be more conversational and approachable.
  • 3× Clarify this text by defining any terms that might be unclear to the reader.
  • 2× Adapt this text for a 5th-grade reading level.
  • 2× Change the tone of this text to be more lighthearted and humorous.
  • 2× Change the tone of this text to be more professional and authoritative.
  • 2× Clarify this text by making the cause-and-effect relationships more obvious.
  • 2× Edit this text to trim the length without losing important information or tone.
  • 1× Adapt this text for a 5th-grade reading level. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Adapt this text for a lay audience with no technical background.
  • 1× Adapt this text for a teenage audience. The final text must have the format <<format>> and topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Adapt this text for an elderly adult with limited knowledge of modern day affairs. The final text must have the format <<format>> and topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Adapt this text for social media sharing.
  • 1× Adapt this text for social media sharing. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Change the tone of this text to be more analytical and logical.
  • 1× Change the tone of this text to be more direct and bold.
  • 1× Change the tone of this text to be more direct and bold. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Change the tone of this text to be more empathetic and understanding.
  • 1× Change the tone of this text to be more empathetic and understanding. The final text must have the format <<format>> and topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Change the tone of this text to be more enthusiastic and energetic.
  • 1× Change the tone of this text to be more inspiring and motivational.
  • 1× Change the tone of this text to be more inspiring and motivational. The final text must have the format <<format>>.
  • 1× Change the tone of this text to be more objective and unbiased.
  • 1× Change the tone of this text to be more persuasive and convincing. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Change the tone of this text to be more polite and diplomatic. The final text must have the format <<format>> and topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Change the tone of this text to be more relaxed and friendly.
  • 1× Change the tone of this text to be more relaxed and friendly. The final text must have the format <<format>> and topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Change the tone of this text to be more suited for a business audience.
  • 1× Change the tone of this text to be more urgent and compelling. The final text must have the format <<format>>.
  • 1× Clarify this text by defining any terms that might be unclear to the reader. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Clarify this text by improving the phrasing while preserving its original intent. The final text must have the format <<format>> and topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Clarify this text by paraphrasing it with different vocabulary and varied sentence structures.
  • 1× Clarify this text by presenting the same information from a fresh angle. The final text must have the format <<format>> and topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Edit this text to be more concise and powerful.
  • 1× Edit this text to eliminate redundant and filler words. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Expand this text by adding real-world applications and specific details.
  • 1× Expand this text by adding storytelling elements and dialogue to increase engagement. The final text must have the format <<format>>.
  • 1× Expand this text by adding supporting information to elaborate on the key points.
  • 1× Expand this text by adding vivid imagery and sensory details to bring it to life.
  • 1× Restructure this text to arrange the points in order of importance.
  • 1× Restructure this text to eliminate awkward phrasing and improve the overall rhythm.
  • 1× Restructure this text to ensure a clear introduction, body, and compelling conclusion. The final text must have the format <<format>>.
  • 1× Restructure this text to group related ideas and include clear section breaks.
  • 1× Restructure this text to group related ideas and include clear section breaks. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Restructure this text to improve the logical flow and argument progression. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Restructure this text to improve the transitions and connections between ideas.
  • 1× Restructure this text to read more naturally, as if written by a native English speaker.
rewrite55 rows
24 single · 31 two-turn · 37 instructions
Show the 37 instructions ▾
  • 4× Rewrite exactly one section of this text so that its wording is entirely new, and leave every other section untouched. The rewritten section must share no sentence with the original.
  • 3× Edit this text by completely rewriting the topic sentence of every paragraph, while preserving the supporting sentences in those paragraphs verbatim.
  • 3× Edit this text by removing all adverbs, making only minimal adjustments to the surrounding grammar to ensure the sentences remain structurally sound.
  • 3× Edit this text by replacing all existing transition words and phrases (e.g., 'however', 'therefore', 'in addition') with different, synonymous transitions, making no other changes.
  • 3× Edit this text by replacing all instances of passive voice with active voice, without altering any sentences that are already in the active voice.
  • 2× Edit this text by inserting exactly one to three sentences (in appropriate locations), you may only make minimal modifications to transitions in adjacent sentences for better flow.
  • 2× Edit this text by inserting twenty to thirty words (in appropriate locations), without changing anything else.
  • 2× Edit this text by removing five to ten percent of the words from it (the least necessary), without changing anything else.
  • 2× Edit this text by removing one section from it (the least necessary), you may only make minimal modifications to adjacent sections for better flow.
  • 2× Edit this text by replacing exactly one to three sentences, without changing anything else. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 2× Edit this text by replacing the final sentence with a more open-ended, thought-provoking statement, without altering any preceding text.
  • 2× Edit this text by replacing, removing or inserting exactly one to three sentences, without changing anything else.
  • 1× Edit this text by combining at least four pairs of short, adjacent sentences into complex sentences using appropriate conjunctions, leaving all other sentences untouched.
  • 1× Edit this text by combining at least four pairs of short, adjacent sentences into complex sentences using appropriate conjunctions, leaving all other sentences untouched. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Edit this text by completely rewriting the topic sentence of every paragraph, while preserving the supporting sentences in those paragraphs verbatim. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Edit this text by inserting a single, highly engaging introductory sentence at the very beginning, without modifying any of the original text that follows.
  • 1× Edit this text by inserting a singular new section (in an appropriate locations), you may only make minimal modifications to transitions in adjacent sections for better flow. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Edit this text by inserting exactly one to three sentences (in appropriate locations), you may only make minimal modifications to transitions in adjacent sentences for better flow. The final text must have the format <<format>>.
  • 1× Edit this text by removing all adverbs, making only minimal adjustments to the surrounding grammar to ensure the sentences remain structurally sound. The final text must have the format <<format>>.
  • 1× Edit this text by removing one section from it (the least necessary), you may only make minimal modifications to adjacent sections for better flow. The final text must have the format <<format>> and topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Edit this text by replacing all instances of passive voice with active voice, without altering any sentences that are already in the active voice. The final text must have the format <<format>>.
  • 1× Edit this text by replacing exactly one to three sentences, without changing anything else.
  • 1× Edit this text by replacing five to ten percent of words in it, without changing anything else. The final text must have the format <<format>>.
  • 1× Edit this text by replacing generic adjectives with highly specific, evocative ones, modifying no more than ten percent of the total words.
  • 1× Edit this text by replacing generic adjectives with highly specific, evocative ones, modifying no more than ten percent of the total words. The final text must have the format <<format>>.
  • 1× Edit this text by replacing, removing or inserting exactly one to three sentences, without changing anything else. The final text must have the format <<format>>.
  • 1× Edit this text by replacing, removing or inserting twenty to thirty words, without changing anything else.
  • 1× Edit this text by replacing, removing or inserting twenty to thirty words, without changing anything else. The final text must have the format <<format>>.
  • 1× Edit this text by upgrading the verbs to be more dynamic and action-oriented, leaving the subjects, objects, and overall length completely unchanged. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Improve this text by rewriting it. At least half of the original text must be repeated verbatim, and at most three quarters of it; the remainder must be new prose.
  • 1× Improve this text by rewriting it. At least half of the original text must be repeated verbatim, and at most three quarters of it; the remainder must be new prose. The final text must have the format <<format>> and topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Modify this text so that it is as short as possible. At least a quarter of the original text must be repeated verbatim, and at most half of it; the remainder must be new prose. The final text must have the format <<format>>.
  • 1× Modify this text to be as long as possible. At least half of the original text must be repeated verbatim, and at most three quarters of it; the remainder must be new prose. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Rewrite exactly one section of this text so that its wording is entirely new, and leave every other section untouched. The rewritten section must share no sentence with the original. The final text must have the format <<format>>.
  • 1× Rewrite exactly one section of this text so that its wording is entirely new, and leave every other section untouched. The rewritten section must share no sentence with the original. The final text must have the topic <<topic>>.
  • 1× Rewrite only the opening hook and the final concluding sentence of this text, leaving the entire middle portion exactly as it was originally written.
  • 1× Rewrite the weakest section in this text, but do not make any modifications to any other section.

Topics

TopicRowsShare
Education & Jobs188.2%
Entertainment167.3%
Finance & Business167.3%
Social Life146.4%
Software Dev.146.4%
Health125.5%
Hardware115.0%
Crime & Law104.5%
Sports & Fitness104.5%
Transportation104.5%
Travel94.1%
Games83.6%
History83.6%
Science & Tech.83.6%
Software83.6%
Food & Dining73.2%
Home & Hobbies73.2%
Industrial73.2%
Politics73.2%
Religion62.7%
Art & Design52.3%
Literature52.3%
Fashion & Beauty41.8%

Formats

FormatRowsShare
Personal Blog4821.8%
News Article3013.6%
Nonfiction Writing219.5%
Documentation125.5%
Knowledge Article125.5%
Listicle125.5%
Customer Support104.5%
About (Pers.)94.1%
News (Org.)83.6%
Legal Notices73.2%
Q&A Forum73.2%
FAQ62.7%
Product Page52.3%
Structured Data52.3%
About (Org.)41.8%
Audio Transcript41.8%
Comment Section41.8%
Tutorial41.8%
User Review41.8%
Content Listing31.4%
Creative Writing31.4%
Academic Writing20.9%

Evaluation protocol

Classes
original is Human, final_response is AI. Each detector scores both texts of every row.
Thresholds
All 220 rows are used; there is no sweep/evaluation split. Each detector's thresholds are placed exactly on its human scores so that 1% and 0.1% of human texts are called AI. 9 detectors call lower scores AI (for example, perplexity).
Metrics
N (texts scored), AUROC, and TPR at the 1% and 0.1% FPR thresholds. Subsets are scored at the corpus-wide thresholds rather than refitted.
Filters
None. No cosine, soft-ngram, Jaccard, or other analysis-time filtering is applied.
Skipped
None
Config
config/analysis_mini.toml
Schema & usage73 columns · loading snippet⌄

73 columns per row. Detector columns come in pairs, one per text of the row.

Text

original
Human-written source (class: Human)
final_response
Generated text (class: AI)
response_0
Generator output for the first turn
response_1
Generator output for the second turn (empty for single-turn prompts)

Generation

prompt
struct: chat_turns (list of strings), use_multiturn, examples, metadata.PROMPT_TYPE
generator_model
Hugging Face id of the generator model
generation_params
JSON string of sampling parameters

Metadata

topic
Topic of the human source
format
Format of the human source

Distances

jaccard_1, jaccard_2, levenshtein, softngram, cosdist, bertscore, bertscore_precision, bertscore_recall, moverscore, reranker
10 float columns measuring how far the rewrite moved from the original

Other columns

original_editlens_bucket_roberta_large, final_response_editlens_bucket_roberta_large, original_editlens_bucket_llama_3_2_3b, final_response_editlens_bucket_llama_3_2_3b, original_editlens_bucket_giga_roberta, final_response_editlens_bucket_giga_roberta, original_editlens_bucket_giga_llama_3_2_3b, final_response_editlens_bucket_giga_llama_3_2_3b, original_llmjudge_valid_opus55_high, final_response_llmjudge_valid_opus55_high
Not used by this report

Detector scores

One float column per text: {original|final_response}<suffix>
_editlens_score_roberta_large
EditLens Roberta-Large Score
_editlens_score_llama_3_2_3b
EditLens Llama-3.2-3B Score
_editlens_score_giga_roberta
Giga EditLens Roberta Score
_editlens_score_giga_llama_3_2_3b
Giga EditLens Llama-3.2-3B Score
_perplexity_llama_instruct
Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct)
_perplexity_llama_base
Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B)
_entropy_llama_instruct
Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct)
_entropy_llama_base
Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B)
_topp_outlier_llama_instruct
Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct)
_topp_outlier_llama_base
Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B)
_topk_outlier_llama_instruct
Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct)
_topk_outlier_llama_base
Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B)
_fastdetectgpt_llama_instruct
FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct)
_fastdetectgpt_llama_base
FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B)
_binoculars
Binoculars
_detector_score_qwen35_35b_a3b
Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B (QLoRA-style LoRA, bf16 base)
_detector_score_llama_3b
Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B (QLoRA)
_detector_score_gemma3_27b
Trained detector: Gemma-3-27B (QLoRA, hard labels)
_detector_score_qwen35_35b_a3b_soft
Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B soft labels (soft_ai)
_detector_score_llama_3b_soft
Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B soft labels (soft_ai)
_detector_score_llama_3b_reg
Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B regression (reg_sqrt)
_llmjudge_score_opus55_high
LLM judge: Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort, one shot)

Load it

from datasets import concatenate_datasets, get_dataset_config_names, load_dataset

repo = "G-reen/fastdetector-test-stat-test-mini"
# every generator config is its own dataset config
ds = concatenate_datasets([
    load_dataset(repo, config, split="train")
    for config in get_dataset_config_names(repo)
])
Univariate statistics54 statistics · all 220 rows valid⌄

Every statistic the report does arithmetic on, over the complete corpus. Missing or non-finite values are counted as invalid.

StatisticMeanMedianStdMinMaxInvalid
jaccard_10.55550.68510.29730.02620.97470
jaccard_20.67220.85230.32950.03430.99800
levenshtein2059.00451450.00001934.957421.000011238.00000
softngram0.53250.58330.36860.00001.00000
cosdist0.15110.07560.1788-0.00540.81000
bertscore0.11520.12200.07510.00200.30480
bertscore_precision0.11440.12690.07310.00220.27220
bertscore_recall0.11530.12260.08010.00160.33460
moverscore0.47340.53580.21080.08030.85340
reranker-6.1672-7.46883.7636-10.062510.93750
EditLens Roberta-Large Score (Human)0.04360.02270.05680.00640.42260
EditLens Roberta-Large Score (AI)0.33230.21250.33460.00930.99960
EditLens Llama-3.2-3B Score (Human)0.02980.01470.05110.00140.49050
EditLens Llama-3.2-3B Score (AI)0.31340.23770.30190.00241.00000
Giga EditLens Roberta Score (Human)0.00910.00390.02290.00130.20620
Giga EditLens Roberta Score (AI)0.36320.15110.39520.00151.00000
Giga EditLens Llama-3.2-3B Score (Human)0.00570.00280.01550.00070.17460
Giga EditLens Llama-3.2-3B Score (AI)0.32070.12540.36650.00071.00000
Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct) (Human)15.234913.87596.85694.326347.11470
Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct) (AI)14.853013.06257.78913.403256.83100
Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B) (Human)11.658510.82394.94601.206832.46490
Perplexity (Llama-3.2-3B) (AI)11.941710.72255.96343.076051.59350
Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct) (Human)2.49242.49060.45581.34343.78390
Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct) (AI)2.41822.41620.50261.06583.91750
Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B) (Human)2.36602.39090.40840.22943.43780
Entropy (Llama-3.2-3B) (AI)2.39722.38790.41251.10464.05460
Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct) (Human)0.05370.05150.01210.02410.09420
Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct) (AI)0.05450.05440.01200.00000.09510
Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B) (Human)0.04110.04080.00960.00740.07090
Top-p Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B) (AI)0.03910.03910.01110.00820.08050
Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct) (Human)0.09450.09500.03500.02190.20700
Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct) (AI)0.09150.08710.04080.01470.25460
Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B) (Human)0.07610.07480.03140.00390.18430
Top-k Outliers (Llama-3.2-3B) (AI)0.07850.07310.03760.01540.28570
FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct) (Human)-1.6189-1.69781.6584-10.57082.18830
FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct) (AI)-1.9032-1.93441.6282-7.27722.86160
FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B) (Human)-0.01220.02801.0151-3.11032.66280
FastDetectGPT (Llama-3.2-3B) (AI)0.26310.18871.4160-3.61987.07470
Binoculars (Human)0.84060.84690.07930.03790.95970
Binoculars (AI)0.86210.86570.05720.43501.00980
Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B (QLoRA-style LoRA, bf16 base) (Human)0.11280.05620.15780.01190.99990
Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B (QLoRA-style LoRA, bf16 base) (AI)0.84651.00000.30540.01671.00000
Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B (QLoRA) (Human)0.05990.03250.11530.00460.96070
Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B (QLoRA) (AI)0.77070.99990.38630.01221.00000
Trained detector: Gemma-3-27B (QLoRA, hard labels) (Human)0.06990.03660.11980.00500.90500
Trained detector: Gemma-3-27B (QLoRA, hard labels) (AI)0.82241.00000.33570.01731.00000
Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B soft labels (soft_ai) (Human)0.03730.01450.07090.00170.57130
Trained detector: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B soft labels (soft_ai) (AI)0.55470.63480.26550.00350.93990
Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B soft labels (soft_ai) (Human)0.04670.02640.06710.00610.51220
Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B soft labels (soft_ai) (AI)0.48860.57250.25160.01500.88080
Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B regression (reg_sqrt) (Human)0.01140.00580.0161-0.00010.11870
Trained detector: Llama-3.2-3B regression (reg_sqrt) (AI)0.27450.23390.22930.00230.85160
LLM judge: Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort, one shot) (Human)0.02640.00000.06770.00000.20000
LLM judge: Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort, one shot) (AI)0.58000.80000.32860.00001.00000
Correlation heatmapspairwise Pearson r · Spearman ρ⌄

Each pair is correlated over the rows where both statistics are finite. Spearman compares ranks, so it shows whether a detector's score rises with edit distance even when the relationship is not linear.

Pearson r

Spearman ρ

Model-specific analyticsseparate page · 22 detectors⌄

Per-detector score grids by topic × format and by generator × prompt category, and the ranked specific-prompt tables, are on their own page to keep this card within the Hub's size limit: open ANALYTICS.md ↗.

Generated by the FastDetector analysis pipeline from the complete published corpus.config/analysis_mini.toml
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